බ්‍රාහ්මී අක්ෂර

බ්‍රාහ්මී
බ්‍රාහ්මී;
	අශෝක ස්තම්භයක වූ බ්‍රාහ්මී ලිපියක් (ක්‍රි.පූ. 250 පමණ)
වර්ගය	අබුගිඩා
භාෂා	ප්‍රාකෘත, සංස්කෘත, ශක, දෙමළ, කන්නඩ, Tocharian
කාල වකවානුව	අවම වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 3වන සියවස පමණ සිට ක්‍රි.ව. 5වන සියවස දක්වා
මාතෘ ක්‍රම	ප්‍රාක්-සිනායිතික අක්ෂර? ෆීනීෂියානු වර්ණමාලාව? අරමයික වර්ණමාලාව? බ්‍රාහ්මී; ; ;
දූහිතෲ ක්‍රම	ගුප්ත සහ විවිධ දූහිතෲ අක්ෂර මාලා
සහෝදර ක්‍රම	ඛරෝෂ්ඨී
දිශානතිය	Left-to-right
ISO 15924	Brah, 300
යුනිකේත අන්වර්ථ	Brahmi
යුනිකේත පරාසය	U+11000–U+1107F
	මෙම ලිපියෙහි IPA ෆෝනටික සංකේත ඇතුළත් වෙයි. නිසි ප්‍රදර්ශන සහාය නොමැති විට, යුනිකේත සංකේත වෙනුවට ඔබට ප්‍රශ්නාර්ථ ලකුණු, කොටු, හෝ වෙනත් සංකේත දර්ශනය විය හැක.

ඔබට මෙම ලිපිය තුළ ඇති විශේෂ යුනිකෝඩ් සලකුණු නිසි පරිදි දර්ශනය වීමට ප්‍රදර්ශන සහාය අවශ්‍ය වනු ඇත.

බ්‍රාහ්මී (/ˈbrɑːmi/; IAST: Brāhmī) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ පුරාතන භාරතීය අක්ෂර ක්‍රමයක් හැඳින්වීම උදෙසා භාවිතා වන නූතන නාමයකි.^[2]^[3] බ්‍රාහ්මී ලේඛන ක්‍රමය හෙවත් අක්ෂර මාලාව අවම වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. තෙවන සියවස පමණ වනවිට මනාව වර්ධනය වී දකුණු ආසියාව තුළ සාර්වත්‍ර ලේඛන ක්‍රමයක් ලෙසින් භාවිතා වන්නට ඇති බව පෙනේ.^[3] ක්‍රි.පූ. තෙවන සහස්‍රකයේ භාවිතා වූ ඉන්දු නිම්න අක්ෂර, ක්‍රි.පූ. සතරවන හෝ පස්වන සියවසේ වයඹදිග පාකිස්තානයේ සම්භවය වූ ඛරෝෂ්ඨී අක්ෂර,^[4] මධ්‍යකාලීන යුගයේ සිට භාවිතයට පැමිණි පාරසික-අරාබි අක්ෂර සහ නූතන යුගයේ ලතින් අක්ෂර හැරුණුවිට දකුණු ආසියාව තුළ භාවිතා වන සෙසු සියලු අක්ෂර මාලා සම්භවය වී ඇත්තේ මෙම පොදු පූර්වජ අක්ෂර ක්‍රමයෙනි.^[3] මෙම අක්ෂර ක්‍රමයෙන් සම්භවය වූ බ්‍රාහ්මීය අක්ෂර පවුලට අයත් අක්ෂර මාලා, දකුණු ආසියාවේ පමණක් නොව වර්තමානයෙහි අග්නිදිග ආසියාව තුළ ද භාවිතා වේ.^[5]^[6]^[7]

සටහන්

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

^ Salomon 1998, පිටු අංක: 11–13.
^ Salomon, Richard (1998), Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 17,
ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3
,
OCLC 32854176
, https://archive.org/details/RichardSalomonIndianEpigraphyAGuideToTheBookZa.org/page/n39, "Until the late nineteenth century, the script of the Aśokan (non-Kharosthi) inscriptions and its immediate derivatives was referred to by various names such as 'lath' or 'Lat', 'Southern Aśokan', 'Indian Pali', 'Mauryan', and so on. The application to it of the name Brahmi [sc. lipi], which stands at the head of the Buddhist and Jaina script lists, was first suggested by T[errien] de Lacouperie, who noted that in the Chinese Buddhist encyclopedia Fa yiian chu lin the scripts whose names corresponded to the Brahmi and Kharosthi of the Lalitavistara are described as written from left to right and from right to left, respectively. He therefore suggested that the name Brahmi should refer to the left-to-right 'Indo-Pali' script of the Aśokan pillar inscriptions, and Kharosthi to the right-to-left 'Bactro-Pali' script of the rock inscriptions from the northwest."
^ ^a ^b ^c Salomon, Richard (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3. OCLC 32854176. ... the Brahmi script appeared in the third century B.C. as a fully developed pan-Indian national script (sometimes used as a second script even within the proper territory of Kharosthi in the north-west) and continued to play this role throughout history, becoming the parent of all of the modern Indic scripts both within India and beyond. Thus, with the exceptions of the Indus script in the protohistoric period, of Kharosthi in the northwest in the ancient period, and of the Perso-Arabic and European scripts in the medieval and modern periods, respectively, the history of writing in India is virtually synonymous with the history of the Brahmi script and its derivatives.
^ Salomon, Richard (10 December 1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages. New York. pp. 42–46. ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3. OCLC 32854176. The presumptive homeland and principal area of the use of Kharoṣțhī script ... was the territory along and around the Indus, Swat, and Kabul River Valleys of the modern North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan; ... [pp. 42–44] In short, there is no clear evidence to allow us to specify the date of the origin of Kharoṣțhī with any more precision than sometime in the fourth, or possibly the fifth, century B.C. [p. 46]{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Salomon 1998, පිටු අංක: 19–30.
^ උපුටාදැක්වීම් දෝෂය: අනීතික <ref> ටැගය; Salomon 1995 නමැති ආශ්‍රේයන් සඳහා කිසිදු පෙළක් සපයා නොතිබුණි
^ "Brahmi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1999. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brahmi. "Among the many descendants of Brāhmī are Devanāgarī (used for Sanskrit, Hindi and other Indian languages), the Bengali and Gujarati scripts and those of the Dravidian languages".

වැඩිදුර කියවීමට

"Brāhmī". The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. 2017. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780190681159.001.0001/acref-9780190681159-e-700?rskey=nZ6Dnf&result=3.
Hitch, Douglas A. (1989). "BRĀHMĪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4. pp. 432–433. https://iranicaonline.org/articles/brahmi-indian-script.
Matthews, P. H. (2014). "Brahmi". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199675128.001.0001/acref-9780199675128-e-400?rskey=nZ6Dnf&result=2.
"Brahmi-Schrift" (in de). Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens Online. Brill Online. 2017. https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/lexikon-des-gesamten-buchwesens-online/*-COM_021409.

බාහිර සබැඳි

"Brahmi Home". brahmi.sourceforge.net. of the Indian Institute of Science
"Ancient Scripts: Brahmi". www.ancientscripts.com.
"Brahmi Texts | Virtual Vinodh". www.virtualvinodh.com.
Indoskript 2.0, a paleographic database of Brahmi and Kharosthi

[FOOTNOTESalomon199811–13-1] Salomon 1998, පිටු අංක: 11–13.

[Salomon1998-p17a-2] Salomon, Richard (1998), Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 17,
ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3
,
OCLC 32854176
, https://archive.org/details/RichardSalomonIndianEpigraphyAGuideToTheBookZa.org/page/n39, "Until the late nineteenth century, the script of the Aśokan (non-Kharosthi) inscriptions and its immediate derivatives was referred to by various names such as 'lath' or 'Lat', 'Southern Aśokan', 'Indian Pali', 'Mauryan', and so on. The application to it of the name Brahmi [sc. lipi], which stands at the head of the Buddhist and Jaina script lists, was first suggested by T[errien] de Lacouperie, who noted that in the Chinese Buddhist encyclopedia Fa yiian chu lin the scripts whose names corresponded to the Brahmi and Kharosthi of the Lalitavistara are described as written from left to right and from right to left, respectively. He therefore suggested that the name Brahmi should refer to the left-to-right 'Indo-Pali' script of the Aśokan pillar inscriptions, and Kharosthi to the right-to-left 'Bactro-Pali' script of the rock inscriptions from the northwest."

[Salomon1998-p17b-3] Salomon, Richard (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3. OCLC 32854176. ... the Brahmi script appeared in the third century B.C. as a fully developed pan-Indian national script (sometimes used as a second script even within the proper territory of Kharosthi in the north-west) and continued to play this role throughout history, becoming the parent of all of the modern Indic scripts both within India and beyond. Thus, with the exceptions of the Indus script in the protohistoric period, of Kharosthi in the northwest in the ancient period, and of the Perso-Arabic and European scripts in the medieval and modern periods, respectively, the history of writing in India is virtually synonymous with the history of the Brahmi script and its derivatives.

[Salomon1998-p42-4] Salomon, Richard (10 December 1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages. New York. pp. 42–46. ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3. OCLC 32854176. The presumptive homeland and principal area of the use of Kharoṣțhī script ... was the territory along and around the Indus, Swat, and Kabul River Valleys of the modern North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan; ... [pp. 42–44] In short, there is no clear evidence to allow us to specify the date of the origin of Kharoṣțhī with any more precision than sometime in the fourth, or possibly the fifth, century B.C. [p. 46]{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[FOOTNOTESalomon199819–30-5] Salomon 1998, පිටු අංක: 19–30.

[Salomon_1995-6] උපුටාදැක්වීම් දෝෂය: අනීතික <ref> ටැගය; Salomon 1995 නමැති ආශ්‍රේයන් සඳහා කිසිදු පෙළක් සපයා නොතිබුණි

[7] "Brahmi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1999. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brahmi. "Among the many descendants of Brāhmī are Devanāgarī (used for Sanskrit, Hindi and other Indian languages), the Bengali and Gujarati scripts and those of the Dravidian languages".

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