Jump to content

ව්‍යාධිජනක බැක්ටීරියා

විකිපීඩියා වෙතින්
Pathogenic bacteria
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (small red dots) in pus from a man with a urethral discharge (Gram stain)

රෝගකාරක බැක්ටීරියා එසේත් නැත්නම් ව්‍යාධිජනක බැක්ටීරියා (ඉංග්‍රීසි:  Pathogenic bacteria) යනු රෝග ඇති කළ හැකි බැක්ටීරියා වෙයි.[1] මෙම ලිපිය මිනිසුන් හට රෝගා සාදන බැක්ටීරියා පිළිබඳව ය. බොහෝ බැක්ටීරියා විශේෂ, හානිකර නොවන අතර බොහෝ විට වැඩදායක වන නමුත් අනෙක් ඒවා බෝවන රෝග ඇති කළ හැක. මිනිසාට හානිදායක බැක්ටීරියා විශේෂ ගණන සියයකට වඩා අඩු යැයි ඇස්තමේන්තුකර ඇත.[2] එසේ වන්නේ, ආහාර මාර්ගය තුළ පමණක් බැක්ටීරියා විශේෂ දහස් ගණන් වාසය කරන්නේ යැයි සැළකෙන අතර ය.[තහවුරු කර නොමැත]

List of genera and microscopy features[සංස්කරණය]

Many genera contain pathogenic bacterial species. They often possess characteristics that help to classify and organize them into groups. The following is a partial listing.

Genus Species Gram staining Shape Oxygen requirement Intra/Extracellular
Bacillus[3] Positive Rods Facultative anaerobic Extracellular
Bartonella[3] Negative Rods Aerobic Facultative intracellular
Bordetella[3] Negative Small coccobacilli Aerobic Extracellular
Borrelia[3] Negative, stains poorly Spirochete Anaerobic Extracellular
Brucella[3] Negative Coccobacilli Aerobic Intracellular
Campylobacter[3] Negative Spiral rods[6]
coccoid in older cultures[6] 		Microaerophilic[6] Extracellular
Chlamydia and Chlamydophila[3] (not Gram-stained) Small, round, ovoid Facultative or strictly aerobic Obligate intracellular
Clostridium[3] Positive Large, blunt-ended rods Obligate anaerobic Extracellular
Corynebacterium[3] Positive (unevenly) Rods Mostly facultative anaerobic Extracellular
Enterococcus[5][9] Positive Cocci Facultative Anaerobic Extracellular
Escherichia[10][5][11] Negative Rods Facultative anaerobic Extracellular or Intracellular
Francisella[3] Negative Coccobacillus Strictly aerobic Facultative intracellular
Haemophilus Negative Coccobacilli to long and slender filaments Facultative anaerobic 5 - 10% CO2 Extracellular
Helicobacter Negative Spiral rod Microaerophile Extracellular
Legionella[3] Negative, stains poorly Cocobacilli Aerobic Facultative intracellular
Leptospira[5][14] Negative, stains poorly Spirochete Strictly aerobic Extracellular
Listeria[3] Positive, darkly Slender, short rods Facultative Anaerobic Facultative intracellular
Mycobacterium[3] (none) Long, slender rods Aerobic Intracellular
Mycoplasma[3] (none) Indistinct 'fried egg' appearance, no cell wall Mostly facultative anaerobic; M. pneumoniae strictly aerobic Extracellular
Neisseria[5][15] Negative Kidney bean-shaped Aerobic Gonococcus: facultative intracellular
N. meningitidis: extracellular
Pseudomonas[5][16] Negative Rods Obligate aerobic Extracellular
Rickettsia[3] Negative, stains poorly Small, rod-like coccobacillary Aerobic Obligate intracellular
Salmonella[3] Negative Rods Facultative anaerobica Facultative intracellular
Shigella[5][17] Negative Rods Facultative anaerobic Extracellular
Staphylococcus[10] Positive, darkly Round cocci Facultative anaerobic Extracellular, facultative intracellular
Streptococcus[3] Positive Ovoid to spherical Facultative anaerobic Extracellular
Treponema[3] Negative, stains poorly Spirochete Aerobic Extracellular
Ureaplasma[10] Stains poorly[18] Indistinct, 'fried egg' appearance, no cell wall Anaerobic Extracellular
Vibrio[5][19] Negative Spiral with single polar flagellum Facultative anaerobic Extracellular
Yersinia[5][20] Negative, bipolarly Small rods Facultative anaerobe Intracellular

List of species and clinical characteristics[සංස්කරණය]

  • Overall age-standardised mortality rate per 100 000 population for 33 pathogens investigated, 2019[21]
    Overall age-standardised mortality rate per 100 000 population for 33 pathogens investigated, 2019[21]
  • Global number of deaths (A) and YLLs (B), by pathogen and infectious syndrome, 2019[21]
    Global number of deaths (A) and YLLs (B), by pathogen and infectious syndrome, 2019[21]
  • Global number of deaths, by pathogen, age, and sex groups, 2019[21]
    Global number of deaths, by pathogen, age, and sex groups, 2019[21]

This is description of the more common genera and species presented with their clinical characteristics and treatments.

Species of human pathogenic bacteria
Species Transmission Diseases Treatment Prevention
Actinomyces israelii Oral flora[22] Actinomycosis:[22] painful abscesses and cysts MRSA in the mouth, lungs,[23][24] or gastrointestinal tract.[7] Prolonged penicillin G and drainage[22]
Bacillus anthracis

Contact with cattle, sheep, goats and horses[25]
Spores enter through inhalation or through abrasions[5]

Anthrax: pulmonary, gastrointestinal and/or cutaneous symptoms.[22]

In early infection:[26]

Penicillin
Doxycycline
Ciprofloxacin
Raxibacumab[27]

Anthrax vaccine[5]
Autoclaving of equipment[5]

Bacteroides fragilis Gut flora[22] Abscesses in gastrointestinal tract, pelvic cavity and lungs[22] metronidazole[22] Wound care[28]

Aspiration prevention[28]

Bordetella pertussis

Contact with respiratory droplets expelled by infected human hosts.[5]

Whooping cough[5][22]
Secondary bacterial pneumonia[5]

Macrolides[5] such as erythromycin,[5][22] before paroxysmal stage[22]

Pertussis vaccine,[5][22] such as in DPT vaccine[5][22]

Borrelia B. burgdorferi[5][22]

B. garinii[5]
B. afzelii[5]

Ixodes hard ticks
Reservoir in mice, other small mammals, and birds[29]

Lyme disease[30][31]

Doxycycline for adults, amoxicillin for children, ceftriaxone for neurological involvement[30]

Wearing clothing that limits skin exposure to ticks.[5]
Insect repellent.[5]
Avoid areas where ticks are found.[5]

B. recurrentis[32]

and others[note 1]

Pediculus humanus corporis body louse (B. recurrentis only) and Ornithodoros soft ticks[32] Relapsing fever Penicillin, tetracycline, doxycycline[33] Avoid areas where ticks are found[32]

Better access to washing facilities[32]
Reduce crowding[32]
Pesticides[32]

Brucella B. abortus

B. canis
B. melitensis
B. suis

Direct contact with infected animal[5]
Oral, by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or milk products[5]

Brucellosis: mainly fever, muscular pain and night sweats

doxycycline[5]
streptomycin
or gentamicin[5]

Campylobacter jejuni

Fecal–oral from animals (mammals and fowl)[5][22]
Uncooked meat (especially poultry)[5][22]
Contaminated water[5]

Treat symptoms[5]
Fluoroquinolone[22] such as ciprofloxacin[5] in severe cases[5]

Good hygiene[5]
Avoiding contaminated water[5]
Pasteurizing milk and milk products[5]
Cooking meat (especially poultry)[5]

Chlamydia C. pneumoniae

Respiratory droplets[5][22]

Atypical pneumonia[22]

Doxycycline[5][22]
Erythromycin[5][22]

None[5]
C. trachomatis

vaginal sex[5]
oral sex[5]
anal sex[5] Vertical from mother to newborn(ICN)[5]
Direct or contaminated surfaces and flies (trachoma)[5]

Trachoma[5][22]
Neonatal conjunctivitis[5][22]
Neonatal pneumonia[5][22]
Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)[5][22]
Urethritis[5][22]
Pelvic inflammatory disease[5][22]
Epididymitis[5][22]
Prostatitis[5][22]
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)[5][22]

Erythromycin[5][22]
(adults)[22] Doxycycline[5][22]
(infants and pregnant women)[22]

Erythromycin or silver nitrate in newborn's eyes[5]
Safe sex[5]
Abstinence[5]

Chlamydophila psittaci Inhalation of dust with secretions or feces from birds (e.g. parrots) Psittacosis, mainly atypical pneumonia

Tetracycline[5]
Doxycycline[5]
Erythromycin[5]

-
Clostridium C. botulinum Spores from soil,[5][22] persevere in canned food, smoked fish and honey[22]

Botulism: Mainly muscle weakness and paralysis[22]

Antitoxin[5][22]
Penicillin[22]
Hyperbaric oxygen[22]
Mechanical ventilation[22]

Proper food preservation techniques

C. difficile

Gut flora,[5][22] overgrowing when other flora is depleted[5]

Pseudomembranous colitis[5][22]

Discontinuing responsible antibiotic[5][22]
Vancomycin or metronidazole if severe[5][22]

Fecal bacteriotherapy
C. perfringens

Spores in soil[5][22]
Vaginal flora and gut flora[5]

Anaerobic cellulitis[5][22]
Gas gangrene[5][22] Acute food poisoning[5][22]

Gas gangrene:

Debridement or amputation[5][22]
Hyperbaric medicine[5][22]
High doses of doxycycline[5] or penicillin G[5][22] and clindamycin[22]
Food poisoning: Supportive care is sufficient[5]

Appropriate food handling[5]
C. tetani

Spores in soil, skin penetration through wounds[5][22]

Tetanus: muscle spasms[34]

Tetanus immune globulin[5][22] Sedatives[5]
Muscle relaxants[5]
Mechanical ventilation[5][22]
Penicillin or metronidazole[22]

Tetanus vaccine (such as in the DPT vaccine)[5]

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

respiratory droplets
part of human flora

Diphtheria: Fever, sore throat and neck swelling, potentially narrowing airways.[35]

Horse serum antitoxin
Erythromycin
Penicillin

DPT vaccine

Ehrlichia E. canis[22]

E. chaffeensis[22]

Dog tick[22] Ehrlichiosis:[22] headache, muscle aches, and fatigue
Enterococcus E. faecalis

E. faecium

Part of gut flora,[22] opportunistic or entering through GI tract or urinary system wounds[5]

Bacterial endocarditis,[22] biliary tract infections,[22] urinary tract infections[22]

Ampicillin (combined with aminoglycoside in endocarditis)[22] Vancomycin[5]

No vaccine Hand washing and other nosocomial prevention

Escherichia E. coli (generally) UTI:[5]

(resistance-tests are required first)

Meningitis:[5]

Diarrhea:[5]

  • Antibiotics above shorten duration
  • Electrolyte and fluid replacement
 (no vaccine or preventive drug)[5]
  • Cooking ground beef and pasteurizing milk against O157:H7[5]
  • Hand washing and disinfection[5]
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
Enteropathogenic E. coli
  • Diarrhea in infants[5]
Enteroinvasive E.coli (EIEC)
Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC), including E. coli O157:H7
  • Reservoir in cattle[5]
Francisella tularensis
  • vector-borne by arthropods[5]
  • Infected wild or domestic animals, birds or house pets[5]
 Tularemia: Fever, ulceration at entry site and/or lymphadenopathy.[37] Can cause severe pneumonia.[37]
  • Avoiding insect vectors[5]
  • Precautions when handling wild animals or animal products[5]
Haemophilus influenzae
  • Droplet contact[5]
  • Human flora of e.g. upper respiratory tract[5]
 Meningitis:[5]

(resistance-tests are required first)

Helicobacter pylori
  • Colonizing stomach[5]
  • Unclear person-to-person transmission[5]
 (No vaccine or preventive drug)[5]
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophila (no vaccine or preventive drug)[5]

Heating water[5]

Leptospira species
  • Food and water contaminated by urine from infected wild or domestic animals. Leptospira survives for weeks in fresh water and moist soil.[5]
 Vaccine not widely used[5]

Prevention of exposure[5]

Listeria monocytogenes
(no vaccine)[5]
  • Proper food preparation and handling[5]
Mycobacterium M. leprae
  • Prolonged human-human contact, e.g. through exudates from skin lesions to abrasion of other person[5]
 Tuberculoid form:

Lepromatous form:

M. tuberculosis
  • Droplet contact[5]

(difficult, see Tuberculosis treatment for more details)[5]

Standard "short" course:[5]

Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Neisseria N. gonorrhoeae
Uncomplicated gonorrhea:[5]

Ophthalmia neonatorum:

(No vaccine)[5]
N. meningitidis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Opportunistic;[22] Infects damaged tissues or people with immunodeficiency.[5] Pseudomonas infection:[5] (no vaccine)[5]
Nocardia asteroides In soil[22] Nocardiosis:[22] Pneumonia, endocarditis, keratitis, neurological or lymphocutaneous infection TMP/SMX[22]
Rickettsia rickettsii (no preventive drug or approved vaccine)[5]
Salmonella S typhi
Other Salmonella species


e.g. S. typhimurium[5]

  • Fecal–oral[5]
  • Food contaminated by fowl[5] (e.g. uncooked eggs)[22] or turtles[22]
(No vaccine or preventive drug)[5]
  • Proper sewage disposal[5]
  • Food preparation[5]
  • Good personal hygiene[5]
Shigella S. sonnei[5]


S. dysenteriae[22]

  • Protection of water and food supplies[5]
  • Vaccines are in trial stage[45]
Staphylococcus aureus Coagulase-positive staphylococcal infections: (no vaccine or preventive drug)
  • Barrier precautions, washing hands and fomite disinfection in hospitals
epidermidis Human flora in skin,[5][22] anterior nares[5] and mucous membranes[22] None[5]
saprophyticus Part of normal vaginal flora[5] None[5]
Streptococcus agalactiae Human flora in vagina,[5][22] urethral mucous membranes,[5] rectum[5] None[5]
pneumoniae
  • 23-serotype vaccine for adults (PPV)[5][22]
  • Heptavalent conjugated vaccine for children (PCV)[5]
pyogenes
  • Respiratory droplets[5]
  • Direct physical contact with impetigo lesions[5]
 No vaccine[5]
  • Rapid antibiotic treatment helps prevent rheumatic fever[5]
viridans Oral flora,[22] penetration through abrasions Penicillin G[22]
Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum
  • Penicillin offered to recent sexual partners[49]
  • Antibiotics to pregnant women if risk of transmitting to child[5]
  • No vaccine available[5]
  • Safe sex[5]
Vibrio cholerae
Yersinia pestis Plague:

අමතර අවධානයට[සංස්කරණය]

සටහන්[සංස්කරණය]

  1. ↑ Relapsing fever can also be caused by the following Borrelia species: B. crocidurae, B. duttonii, B. hermsii, B. hispanica, B. miyamotoi, B. persica, B. turicatae and B. venezuelensis.
    - Barbour, Alan G. (2017). "Relapsing Fever". In Kasper, Dennis L.; Fauci, Anthony S. (eds.). Harrison's Infectious Diseases (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill Education. pp. 678–687. ISBN 978-1-259-83597-1.

මූලාශ්‍ර[සංස්කරණය]

  1. ↑ Ryan, Kenneth J.; Ray, C. George; Ahmad, Nafees; Drew, W. Lawrence; Lagunoff, Michael; Pottinger, Paul; Reller, L. Barth; Sterling, Charles R. (2014). "Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections". Sherris Medical Microbiology (6th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill Education. pp. 391–406. ISBN 978-0-07-181826-1.
  2. ↑ McFall-Ngai, Margaret (2007-01-11). "Adaptive Immunity: Care for the community". Nature (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). 445 (7124): 153. Bibcode:2007Natur.445..153M. doi:10.1038/445153a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 17215830. S2CID 9273396.
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 Unless else specified in boxes then ref is: Fisher, Bruce; Harvey, Richard P.; Champe, Pamela C. (2007). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 332–353. ISBN 978-0-7817-8215-9.
  4. ↑ Kurzynski TA, Boehm DM, Rott-Petri JA, Schell RF, Allison PE (1988). "Comparison of modified Bordet-Gengou and modified Regan-Lowe media for the isolation of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis". J. Clin. Microbiol. 26 (12): 2661–3. doi:10.1128/JCM.26.12.2661-2663.1988. PMC 266968. PMID 2906642.
  5. ↑ 5.000 5.001 5.002 5.003 5.004 5.005 5.006 5.007 5.008 5.009 5.010 5.011 5.012 5.013 5.014 5.015 5.016 5.017 5.018 5.019 5.020 5.021 5.022 5.023 5.024 5.025 5.026 5.027 5.028 5.029 5.030 5.031 5.032 5.033 5.034 5.035 5.036 5.037 5.038 5.039 5.040 5.041 5.042 5.043 5.044 5.045 5.046 5.047 5.048 5.049 5.050 5.051 5.052 5.053 5.054 5.055 5.056 5.057 5.058 5.059 5.060 5.061 5.062 5.063 5.064 5.065 5.066 5.067 5.068 5.069 5.070 5.071 5.072 5.073 5.074 5.075 5.076 5.077 5.078 5.079 5.080 5.081 5.082 5.083 5.084 5.085 5.086 5.087 5.088 5.089 5.090 5.091 5.092 5.093 5.094 5.095 5.096 5.097 5.098 5.099 5.100 5.101 5.102 5.103 5.104 5.105 5.106 5.107 5.108 5.109 5.110 5.111 5.112 5.113 5.114 5.115 5.116 5.117 5.118 5.119 5.120 5.121 5.122 5.123 5.124 5.125 5.126 5.127 5.128 5.129 5.130 5.131 5.132 5.133 5.134 5.135 5.136 5.137 5.138 5.139 5.140 5.141 5.142 5.143 5.144 5.145 5.146 5.147 5.148 5.149 5.150 5.151 5.152 5.153 5.154 5.155 5.156 5.157 5.158 5.159 5.160 5.161 5.162 5.163 5.164 5.165 5.166 5.167 5.168 5.169 5.170 5.171 5.172 5.173 5.174 5.175 5.176 5.177 5.178 5.179 5.180 5.181 5.182 5.183 5.184 5.185 5.186 5.187 5.188 5.189 5.190 5.191 5.192 5.193 5.194 5.195 5.196 5.197 5.198 5.199 5.200 5.201 5.202 5.203 5.204 5.205 5.206 5.207 5.208 5.209 5.210 5.211 5.212 5.213 5.214 5.215 5.216 5.217 5.218 5.219 5.220 5.221 5.222 5.223 5.224 5.225 5.226 5.227 5.228 5.229 5.230 5.231 5.232 5.233 5.234 5.235 5.236 5.237 5.238 5.239 5.240 5.241 5.242 5.243 5.244 5.245 5.246 5.247 5.248 5.249 5.250 5.251 5.252 5.253 5.254 5.255 5.256 5.257 5.258 5.259 5.260 5.261 5.262 5.263 5.264 5.265 5.266 5.267 5.268 5.269 5.270 5.271 5.272 5.273 5.274 5.275 5.276 5.277 5.278 5.279 5.280 5.281 5.282 5.283 5.284 5.285 5.286 5.287 5.288 5.289 5.290 5.291 5.292 5.293 5.294 5.295 5.296 5.297 5.298 5.299 5.300 5.301 5.302 5.303 Fisher, Bruce; Harvey, Richard P.; Champe, Pamela C. (2007). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 332–353. ISBN 978-0-7817-8215-9.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Epps SV, Harvey RB, Hume ME, Phillips TD, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ (2013). "Foodborne Campylobacter: infections, metabolism, pathogenesis and reservoirs". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 10 (12): 6292–304. doi:10.3390/ijerph10126292. PMC 3881114. PMID 24287853.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Bowden GHW (1996). Baron S; et al. (eds.). Actinomycosis in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2. (via NCBI Bookshelf).
  8. ↑ Baron, Samuel (1996). Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2.
  9. ↑ Rollins, David M. (2000). "BSCI424 Laboratory Media". University of Maryland. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2008-11-18.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Santosham, Mathuram; Chan, Grace J.; Lee, Anne CC; Baqui, Abdullah H.; Tan, Jingwen; Black, Robert E. (2013). "Risk of Early-Onset Neonatal Infection with Maternal Infection or Colonization: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". PLOS Medicine. 10 (8): e1001502. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001502. ISSN 1549-1676. PMC 3747995. PMID 23976885.
  11. ↑ Cain, Donna (January 14, 2015). "MacConkey Agar (CCCCD Microbiology". Collin College. April 26, 2015 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය May 3, 2015.
  12. ↑ Gunn BA (1984). "Chocolate agar, a differential medium for gram-positive cocci". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 20 (4): 822–3. doi:10.1128/JCM.20.4.822-823.1984. PMC 271442. PMID 6490866.
  13. ↑ Stevenson TH, Castillo A, Lucia LM, Acuff GR (2000). "Growth of Helicobacter pylori in various liquid and plating media". Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 30 (3): 192–6. doi:10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00699.x. PMID 10747249. S2CID 24668819.
  14. ↑ Johnson RC, Harris VG (1967). "Differentiation of Pathogenic and Saprophytic Leptospires I. Growth at Low Temperatures". J. Bacteriol. 94 (1): 27–31. doi:10.1128/JB.94.1.27-31.1967. PMC 251866. PMID 6027998.
  15. ↑ "Thayer Martin Agar (Modified) Procedure" (PDF). University of Nebraska-Medical Center, Clinical Laboratory Science Program. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2015-05-03.
  16. ↑ Allen, Mary E. (2005). "MacConkey Agar Plates Protocols". American Society for Microbiology. 2015-05-07 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. Created: 30 September 2005. Last update: 01 April 2013
  17. ↑ "Hektoen Enteric Agar". Austin Community College District. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2015-05-03.
  18. ↑ Cassell GH, Waites KB, Crouse DT, Rudd PT, Canupp KC, Stagno S, Cutter GR (1988). "Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum infection of the lower respiratory tract with chronic lung disease and death in very-low-birth-weight infants". Lancet. 2 (8605): 240–5. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92536-6. PMID 2899235. S2CID 6685738.
  19. ↑ Pfeffer, C.; Oliver, J.D. (2003). "A comparison of thiosulphate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) agar and thiosulphate-chloride-iodide (TCI) agar for the isolation of Vibrio species from estuarine environments". Letters in Applied Microbiology. 36 (3): 150–151. doi:10.1046/j.1472-765X.2003.01280.x. PMID 12581373. S2CID 34004290.
  20. ↑ "Yersinia pestis" (PDF). Wadsworth Center. 2006.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Ikuta, Kevin S.; Swetschinski, Lucien R.; Aguilar, Gisela Robles; Sharara, Fablina; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Gray, Authia P.; Weaver, Nicole Davis; Wool, Eve E.; et al. (21 November 2022). "Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019". The Lancet (English බසින්). 400 (10369): 2221–2248. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02185-7. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 9763654. PMID 36423648.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  22. ↑ 22.000 22.001 22.002 22.003 22.004 22.005 22.006 22.007 22.008 22.009 22.010 22.011 22.012 22.013 22.014 22.015 22.016 22.017 22.018 22.019 22.020 22.021 22.022 22.023 22.024 22.025 22.026 22.027 22.028 22.029 22.030 22.031 22.032 22.033 22.034 22.035 22.036 22.037 22.038 22.039 22.040 22.041 22.042 22.043 22.044 22.045 22.046 22.047 22.048 22.049 22.050 22.051 22.052 22.053 22.054 22.055 22.056 22.057 22.058 22.059 22.060 22.061 22.062 22.063 22.064 22.065 22.066 22.067 22.068 22.069 22.070 22.071 22.072 22.073 22.074 22.075 22.076 22.077 22.078 22.079 22.080 22.081 22.082 22.083 22.084 22.085 22.086 22.087 22.088 22.089 22.090 22.091 22.092 22.093 22.094 22.095 22.096 22.097 22.098 22.099 22.100 22.101 22.102 22.103 22.104 22.105 22.106 22.107 22.108 22.109 22.110 22.111 22.112 22.113 22.114 22.115 22.116 22.117 22.118 22.119 22.120 22.121 22.122 22.123 22.124 22.125 22.126 22.127 22.128 22.129 22.130 22.131 22.132 22.133 22.134 22.135 22.136 22.137 22.138 22.139 22.140 22.141 22.142 22.143 22.144 22.145 22.146 22.147 22.148 22.149 22.150 22.151 22.152 22.153 22.154 22.155 22.156 22.157 22.158 22.159 22.160 22.161 22.162 22.163 22.164 22.165 22.166 22.167 22.168 22.169 22.170 22.171 22.172 22.173 22.174 22.175 22.176 22.177 22.178 22.179 22.180 22.181 22.182 22.183 22.184 22.185 22.186 22.187 22.188 22.189 22.190 22.191 22.192 22.193 22.194 22.195 22.196 22.197 22.198 22.199 22.200 22.201 22.202 22.203 22.204 22.205 22.206 22.207 22.208 22.209 22.210 22.211 22.212 22.213 22.214 "Bacteria Table" (PDF). Creighton University School of Medicine. 2015-05-01 දින මුල් පිටපත (PDF) වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2015-05-03.
  23. ↑ Brook, I (Oct 2008). "Actinomycosis: diagnosis and management". Southern Medical Journal. 101 (10): 1019–23. doi:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3181864c1f. PMID 18791528. S2CID 19554893.
  24. ↑ Mabeza, GF; Macfarlane J (March 2003). "Pulmonary actinomycosis". European Respiratory Journal. 21 (3): 545–551. doi:10.1183/09031936.03.00089103. PMID 12662015.
  25. ↑ "Anthrax in animals". Food and Agriculture Organization. 2001.
  26. ↑ "CDC Anthrax Q & A: Treatment". 5 May 2011 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 4 April 2011.
  27. ↑ "FDA approves raxibacumab to treat inhalational anthrax". Food and Drug Administration. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 14 December 2012.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Itzhak Brook (Jan 28, 2014). "Bacteroides Infection Follow-up". Medscape. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2015-09-25.
  29. ↑ Shapiro ED (2014). "Clinical practice. Lyme disease". The New England Journal of Medicine. 370 (18): 1724–31. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1314325. PMC 4487875. PMID 24785207.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Sanchez JL (2015). "Clinical Manifestations and Treatment of Lyme Disease". Clinics in Laboratory Medicine. 35 (4): 765–78. doi:10.1016/j.cll.2015.08.004. PMID 26593256.
  31. ↑ Halperin JJ (2015). "Nervous System Lyme Disease". Clinics in Laboratory Medicine. 35 (4): 779–95. doi:10.1016/j.cll.2015.07.002. PMID 26593257.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 Barbour, Alan G. (2017). "Relapsing Fever". In Kasper, Dennis L.; Fauci, Anthony S. (eds.). Harrison's Infectious Diseases (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill Education. pp. 678–687. ISBN 978-1-259-83597-1.
  33. ↑ Cutler SJ (2015). "Relapsing Fever Borreliae: A Global Review". Clinics in Laboratory Medicine. 35 (4): 847–65. doi:10.1016/j.cll.2015.07.001. PMID 26593261.
  34. ↑ Atkinson, William (May 2012). Tetanus Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (12 ed.). Public Health Foundation. pp. 291–300. ISBN 9780983263135. 13 February 2015 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 12 February 2015.
  35. ↑ "Diphtheria vaccine" (PDF). Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 81 (3): 24–32. 20 ජනවාරි 2006. PMID 16671240. 6 ජූනි 2015 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත (PDF).
  36. ↑ "ESCHERICHIA COLI". Public Health Agency of Canada. 2012-04-30. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2015-06-02.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Signs & Symptoms". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 13 December 2018. Page last reviewed: October 26, 2015
  38. ↑ Ryan, KJ; Ray, CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0.
  39. ↑ "Klebsiella pneumoniae in Healthcare Settings". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 19 February 2021. Page last reviewed: November 24, 2010. Page last updated: August 27, 2012
  40. ↑ Slack, A (Jul 2010). "Leptospirosis". Australian Family Physician. 39 (7): 495–8. PMID 20628664.
  41. ↑ McBride, AJ; Athanazio, DA; Reis, MG; Ko, AI (Oct 2005). "Leptospirosis". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 18 (5): 376–86. doi:10.1097/01.qco.0000178824.05715.2c. PMID 16148523. S2CID 220576544.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Hartskeerl, Rudy A.; Wagenaar, Jiri F.P. (2017). "Leptospirosis". In Kasper, Dennis L.; Fauci, Anthony S. (eds.). Harrison's Infectious Diseases. New York: McGraw Hill Education. pp. 672–678. ISBN 978-1-259-83597-1.
  43. ↑ "Leprosy Fact sheet N°101". World Health Organization. January 2014. 2013-12-12 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත.
  44. ↑ "Tuberculosis Fact sheet N°104". WHO. ඔක්තෝබර් 2015. 23 අගෝස්තු 2012 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 11 පෙබරවාරි 2016.
  45. ↑ Institut Pasteur Press Office - Vaccine against shigellosis (bacillary dysentery):a promising clinical trial සංරක්ෂණය කළ පිටපත 2009-02-25 at the Wayback Machine 15 January 2009. Retrieved on 27 February 2009
  46. ↑ Levinson, W. (2010). Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (11th ed.). pp. 94–9.
  47. ↑ "Syphilis - CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed)". CDC. 2 නොවැම්බර් 2015. 6 පෙබරවාරි 2016 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 3 පෙබරවාරි 2016.
  48. ↑ Kent ME, Romanelli F (February 2008). "Reexamining syphilis: an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management". Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 42 (2): 226–36. doi:10.1345/aph.1K086. PMID 18212261. S2CID 23899851.
  49. ↑ Hook EW (2017). "Syphilis". Lancet. 389 (10078): 1550–1557. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32411-4. PMID 27993382. S2CID 208793678.
  50. ↑ Zhou D, Han Y, Yang R (2006). "Molecular and physiological insights into plague transmission, virulence and etiology". Microbes Infect. 8 (1): 273–84. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2005.06.006. PMID 16182593.
  51. ↑ Wagle PM. (1948). "Recent advances in the treatment of bubonic plague". Indian J Med Sci. 2: 489–94.
  52. ↑ Meyer KF. (1950). "Modern therapy of plague". JAMA. 144 (12): 982–5. doi:10.1001/jama.1950.02920120006003. PMID 14774219.
  53. ↑ Kilonzo BS, Makundi RH, Mbise TJ (1992). "A decade of plague epidemiology and control in the Western Usambara mountains, north-east Tanzania". Acta Tropica. 50 (4): 323–9. doi:10.1016/0001-706X(92)90067-8. PMID 1356303.
  54. ↑ Bubeck SS, Dube PH (September 2007). "Yersinia pestis CO92ΔyopH Is a Potent Live, Attenuated Plague Vaccine". Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 14 (9): 1235–8. doi:10.1128/CVI.00137-07. PMC 2043315. PMID 17652523.

භාහිර සබැඳි[සංස්කරණය]

වර්ගීකරණය
Stub icon

බැක්ටීරියා හා සබැඳි මෙම ලිපිය තවමත් අංකුර ලිපියකි. විකිපීඩියාවට උදවුවක් ලෙසින් ඔබ හට එය විහිදුවාලිය හැක.

"https://si.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ව්‍යාධිජනක_බැක්ටීරියා&oldid=674606" වෙතින් සම්ප්‍රවේශනය කෙරිණි