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දකුණු සුඩානයේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය

විකිපීඩියා වෙතින්
Salva Kiir Mayardit, the first President of South Sudan. His trademark Stetson hat was a gift from United States President George W. Bush.
South Sudan's presidential guard on Independence Day, 2011

The now defunct Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly ratified a transitional constitution[1] shortly before independence on 9 July 2011.[2] The constitution was signed by the President of South Sudan, Salva Kiir Mayardit, on Independence Day and thereby came into force. It is now the supreme law of the land, superseding the Interim Constitution of 2005.[3]

The constitution establishes a presidential system of government headed by a president who is head of state, head of government, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. It also establishes the National Legislature comprising two houses: a directly elected assembly, the National Legislative Assembly, and a second chamber of representatives of the states, the Council of States.[4]

John Garang, one of the founders of the SPLA/M, was the president of the autonomous government until his death on 30 July 2005. Salva Kiir Mayardit,[5] his deputy, was sworn in as First Vice President of Sudan and President of the Government of Southern Sudan on 11 August 2005. Riek Machar[5] replaced him as Vice-President of the Government. Legislative power is vested in the government and the bicameral National Legislature. The constitution also provides for an independent judiciary, the highest organ being the Supreme Court.

On 8 May 2021, South Sudan President Salva Kiir announced a dissolution of Parliament as part of a 2018 peace deal to set up a new legislative body that will number 550 lawmakers.[6] According to 2023 V-Dem Democracy indices South Sudan is third lowest ranked electoral democracy in Africa.[7]

ජාතික ප්‍රාග්ධන ව්‍යාපෘතිය

[සංස්කරණය]
A young South Sudanese girl smiling in traditional attire

The capital of South Sudan is located at Juba, which is also the state capital of Central Equatoria and the county seat of the eponymous Juba County, and is the country's largest city. However, due to Juba's poor infrastructure and massive urban growth, as well as its lack of centrality within South Sudan, the South Sudanese Government adopted a resolution in February 2011 to study the creation of a new planned city to serve as the seat of government.[8][9] It is planned that the capital city will be changed to the more centrally located Ramciel.[10] This proposal is functionally similar to construction projects in Abuja, Nigeria; Brasília, Brazil; and Canberra, Australia; among other modern-era planned national capitals. It is unclear how the government will fund the project.

In September 2011, a spokesman for the government said the country's political leaders had accepted a proposal to build a new capital at Ramciel,[11] a place in Lakes state near the borders with Central Equatoria and Jonglei. Ramciel is considered to be the geographical centre of the country,[12] and the late pro-independence leader John Garang allegedly had plans to relocate the capital there before his death in 2005. The proposal was supported by the Lakes state government and at least one Ramciel tribal chief.[13] The design, planning, and construction of the city will likely take as many as five years, government ministers said, and the move of national institutions to the new capital will be implemented in stages.[11]

ප්‍රාන්ත

[සංස්කරණය]
The ten states of South Sudan prior to 2015, grouped in the three historical provinces of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

Prior to 2015, South Sudan was divided into ten states, which also correspond to three historical regions: Bahr el Ghazal, Equatoria, and Greater Upper Nile region which includes Nuerland:

Bahr el Ghazal
Equatoria
Greater Upper Nile

The Abyei Area, a small region of Sudan bordering on the South Sudanese states of Northern Bahr el Ghazal, Warrap, and Bentiu, was given special administrative status as a result of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed in 2005. Following the independence of South Sudan in 2011, Abyei is considered to be simultaneously part of both the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan, effectively a condominium. It was due to hold a referendum in 2011 on whether to join South Sudan or remain part of the Republic of Sudan, but in May 2011, the Sudanese military seized Abyei, and it is not clear if the referendum will be held.[තහවුරු කර නොමැත]

The 32 states of South Sudan, after the addition of four more states in 2017

In October 2015, South Sudan's President Salva Kiir issued a decree establishing twenty-eight states in place of the ten constitutionally established states.[14] The decree established the new states largely along ethnic lines. A number of opposition parties and civil society challenged the constitutionality of this decree and Kiir later resolved to take it to parliament for approval as a constitutional amendment.[15] In November the South Sudanese parliament empowered President Kiir to create new states.[16]

Bar el Ghazal
  1. Aweil
  2. Aweil East
  3. Eastern Lakes
  4. Gogrial
  5. Gok
  6. Lol
  7. Tonj
  8. Twic
  9. Wau
  10. Western Lakes
Equatoria
  1. Amadi
  2. Gbudwe
  3. Torit
  4. Jubek (containing the national capital city of Juba)
  5. Maridi
  6. Kapoeta
  7. Tambura
  8. Terekeka
  9. Yei River
Greater Upper Nile region
  1. Boma
  2. Central Rol naath
  3. Akobo
  4. Northern Rol naath
  5. Jonglei State
  6. Latjoor
  7. Maiwut
  8. Northern Liech
  9. Ruweng (Rubkona, Rubkotna)
  10. Southern Liech
  11. Bieh
  12. Fashoda State
  13. Fangak State

On 14 January 2017 another four states were created; Central Rol Naath, Northern Rol Naath, Tumbura and Maiwut.[17][18]

2020-වර්තමානය

[සංස්කරණය]
Administrative areas of South Sudan as of 2020

Under the terms of a peace agreement signed on 22 February 2020, South Sudan is again divided into ten states, with two administrative areas and one area with special administrative status.[19][20]

The Kafia Kingi area is disputed between South Sudan and Sudan and the Ilemi Triangle is disputed between South Sudan and Kenya.

The states and administrative areas are once again grouped into the three former historical provinces of the Sudan; Bahr el Ghazal, Equatoria and Greater Upper Nile:

Bahr el Ghazal
Equatoria
Greater Upper Nile
Administrative Areas
Special Administrative Status Areas

විදේශ සබඳතා

[සංස්කරණය]
U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry meets with President Salva Kiir, 26 May 2013.

Since independence, relations with Sudan have been changing. Sudan's President Omar al-Bashir first announced, in January 2011, that dual citizenship in the North and the South would be allowed,[21] but upon the independence of South Sudan he retracted the offer. He has also suggested an EU-style confederation.[22] Essam Sharaf, Prime Minister of Egypt after the 2011 Egyptian Revolution, made his first foreign visit to Khartoum and Juba in the lead-up to South Sudan's secession.[23] Israel quickly recognized South Sudan as an independent country,[24] and is host to thousands of refugees from South Sudan, many of whom have finally been granted temporary resident status more than a decade later.[25] According to American sources, President Obama officially recognised the new state after Sudan, Egypt, Germany and Kenya were among the first to recognise the country's independence on 8 July 2011.[26][27] Several states that participated in the international negotiations concluded with a self-determination referendum were also quick to acknowledge the overwhelming result. The Rationalist process included Kenya, Uganda, Egypt, Ethiopia, Libya, Eritrea, the United Kingdom and Norway.[28][a]

South Sudan is a member state of the United Nations,[29] the African Union,[30][31] the East African Community,[32][33][34] and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa.[35] South Sudan plans to join the Commonwealth of Nations,[36] the International Monetary Fund,[37] OPEC+, and the World Bank.[38] Some international trade organizations categorize South Sudan as part of the Greater Horn of Africa.[39]

Full membership in the Arab League has been assured, should the country's government choose to seek it,[40] though it could also opt for observer status.[41] It was admitted to UNESCO on 3 November 2011.[42] On 25 November 2011, it officially joined the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, a regional grouping of East African states.[43]

The United States supported the 2011 referendum on South Sudan's independence. The New York Times reported, "South Sudan is in many ways an American creation, carved out of war-torn Sudan in a referendum largely orchestrated by the United States, its fragile institutions nurtured with billions of dollars in American aid."[44] The U.S. government's long-standing sanctions against Sudan were officially removed from applicability to newly independent South Sudan in December 2011, and senior RSS officials participated in a high-level international engagement conference in Washington, D.C., to help connect foreign investors with the RSS and South Sudanese private sector representatives.[45] Given the interdependence between some sectors of the economy of the Republic of South Sudan and the Republic of Sudan, certain activities still require OFAC authorization. Absent a licence, current Sudanese sanction regulations will continue to prohibit U.S. persons from dealing in property and interests that benefit Sudan or the Government of Sudan.[46] A 2011 Congressional Research Service report, "The Republic of South Sudan: Opportunities and Challenges for Africa's Newest Country", identifies outstanding political and humanitarian issues as the country forges its future.[47]

In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including South Sudan, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's treatment of Uyghurs in the Xinjiang region.[48]

The UAE lent South Sudan $12 billion for a period of 20 years. The loan agreement was signed between South Sudan and an Emirati firm owned by Hamad bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, the sources of whose wealth and investments have been suspicions during the failed takeover of Beitar Jerusalem FC. The loan deposit was directed to an Emirati bank account, of which 70% were allocated to infrastructure facilities. As per the agreement, South Sudan was to repay by the means of oil shipments, priced at $10 per barrel less than its market value. Additional oil shipments were agreed in case of decrease in oil prices. The agreement took no account of the Sudan war.[49][50]

හමුදා

[සංස්කරණය]

A Defence paper was initiated in 2007 by then Minister for SPLA Affairs Dominic Dim Deng, and a draft was produced in 2008. It declared that Southern Sudan would eventually maintain land, air, and riverine forces.[51][52]

2015 වන විට, South Sudan has the third highest military spending as a percentage of GDP in the world, behind only Oman and Saudi Arabia.[53]

මානව හිමිකම්

[සංස්කරණය]

Campaigns of atrocities against civilians have been attributed to the SPLA.[54] In the SPLA/M's attempt to disarm rebellions among the Shilluk and Murle, they burned scores of villages, raped hundreds of women and girls and killed an untold number of civilians.[55] Civilians alleging torture claim fingernails being torn out, burning plastic bags dripped on children to make their parents hand over weapons, and villagers burned alive in their huts if it was suspected that rebels had spent the night there.[55] In May 2011, the SPLA allegedly set fire to over 7,000 homes in Unity State.[56]

The UN reports many of these violations and the frustrated director of one Juba-based international aid agency calls them "human rights abuses off the Richter scale".[55] In 2010, the CIA issued a warning that "over the next five years ... a new mass killing or genocide is most likely to occur in southern Sudan."[55] The Nuer White Army has stated it wished to "wipe out the entire Murle tribe on the face of the earth as the only solution to guarantee long-term security of Nuer's cattle"[57] and activists, including Minority Rights Group International, warned of genocide in Jonglei.[58] At the beginning of 2017, genocide was imminent again.[59]

Peter Abdul Rahaman Sule, the leader of the key opposition group United Democratic Forum, has been under arrest since 3 November 2011 over allegations linking him to the formation of a new rebel group fighting against the government.[60][61]

The child marriage rate in South Sudan is 52%.[62] Homosexual acts are illegal.[63]

Recruitment of child soldiers has also been cited as a serious problem in the country.[64] In April 2014, Navi Pillay, then the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, stated that more than 9,000 child soldiers had been fighting in South Sudan's civil war.[65]

The United Nations rights office has described the situation in the country as "one of the most horrendous human rights situations in the world". It accused the army and allied militias of allowing fighters to rape women as form of payment for fighting, as well as raid cattle in an agreement of "do what you can, take what you can."[66] Amnesty International claimed the army suffocated more than 60 people accused of supporting the opposition to death in a shipping container.[67]

On 22 December 2017, at the conclusion of a 12-day visit to the region, the Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan said, "Four years following the start of the current conflict in South Sudan, gross human rights violations continue to be committed in a widespread way by all parties to the conflict, in which civilians are bearing the brunt."[68] The Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan was established by the Human Rights Council in March 2016.[68]

යොමු කිරීම්

[සංස්කරණය]
  1. ^ "The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011". Government of South Sudan. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 12 July 2011.
  2. ^ "South Sudan passes interim constitution amid concerns over presidential powers". Sudan Tribune. 8 July 2011. 11 July 2011 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 24 July 2011.
  3. ^ "The Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan of 2005". 20 July 2011 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී.
  4. ^ Henneberg, Ingo (2013). "Das politische System des Südsudan" [The Political System of South Sudan]. Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America (German බසින්). 46 (2): 174–196. doi:10.5771/0506-7286-2013-2-174. 18 June 2018 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  5. ^ a b "South Sudan". The World Factbook. CIA. 11 July 2011. 6 July 2022 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 14 July 2011.
  6. ^ "South Sudan president dissolves parliament as part of peace deal". Al Jazeera. 9 May 2021. 8 June 2023 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 10 May 2021.
  7. ^ V-Dem Institute (2023). "The V-Dem Dataset". 8 December 2022 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 14 October 2023.
  8. ^ "New capital city for South Sudan?". Radio Netherlands. 6 February 2011. 29 June 2012 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 24 July 2011.
  9. ^ "South Sudan to establish a new capital city and relocate from Juba after independence". Sudan Tribune. 6 February 2011. 29 June 2011 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 24 July 2011.
  10. ^ "South Sudan profile". BBC News. 5 July 2011. 20 July 2011 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 24 July 2011.
  11. ^ a b "South Sudan relocates its capital from Juba to Ramciel". Sudan Tribune. 3 September 2011. 29 September 2011 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 3 September 2011.
  12. ^ Amos, Mashel (29 April 2011). "The search for new nation's capital in South Sudan". The Independent. 13 March 2016 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 24 July 2011.
  13. ^ "Lakes Leaders Visit Prospective South Sudanese Capital". Gurtong. 15 February 2011. 28 March 2012 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 24 July 2011.
  14. ^ "Kiir and Makuei want 28 states in South Sudan". Radio Tamazuj. 8 දෙසැම්බර් 2015 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 16 ඔක්තෝබර් 2015.
  15. ^ "Kiir pressured into taking decree to parliament for approval". Radio Tamazuj. 4 මාර්තු 2016 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 16 ඔක්තෝබර් 2015.
  16. ^ "South Sudan's Kiir appoints governors of 28 new states". Sudan Tribune. 26 January 2016 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 13 January 2016.
  17. ^ "South Sudanese President creates four more states". Sudan Tribune. 12 August 2017. 18 September 2017 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 5 September 2017.
  18. ^ "Jan2017 South Sudan". International Crisis Group. 5 September 2017 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 6 May 2017.
  19. ^ "After 6 years of war, will peace finally come to South Sudan?". Al Jazeera. 20 August 2020 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 24 February 2020.
  20. ^ d e k u e k [@dekuekd] (15 February 2020). "So it has been decided that #SouthSudan shall revert to 10 states plus Abyei, Pibor and Ruweng Administrative Areas.‌" (Tweet). 15 February 2020 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 24 May 2020 – via Twitter.
  21. ^ Ross, Will (9 January 2011). "Southern Sudan votes on independence". BBC News. 1 April 2011 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2 April 2011.
  22. ^ "South Sudan becomes an independent nation". BBC News. 9 July 2011. 9 July 2011 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 9 July 2011.
  23. ^ "AlAhram Weekly – Heading for headwaters". Weekly.ahram.org.eg. 6 April 2011. 23 October 2012 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2 May 2013.
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උපුටාදැක්වීම් දෝෂය: "lower-alpha" නම් කණ්ඩායම සඳහා <ref> ටැග පැවතුණත්, ඊට අදාළ <references group="lower-alpha"/> ටැග සොයාගත නොහැකි විය.