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ටැන්සානියාවේ සංස්කෘතිය

විකිපීඩියා වෙතින්

Culture[සංස්කරණය]

ප්‍රධාන ලිපිය: Culture of Tanzania

Media[සංස්කරණය]

ප්‍රධාන ලිපිය: Mass media in Tanzania

Music[සංස්කරණය]

ප්‍රධාන ලිපිය: Music of Tanzania
Tanzanian Ngoma group

As in other countries, the music in Tanzania is constantly undergoing changes, and varies by location, people, settings and occasion. The five music genres in Tanzania, as defined by BASATA are, ngoma, dansi, kwaya, and taarab, with bongo flava being added in 2001.[1][2] Singeli has since the mid-2000s been an unofficial music of uswahilini, unplanned communities in Dar es Salaam, and is the newest mainstream genre since 2020.[3]

Ngoma (Bantu, meaning dance, drum and event)[4][5] is a traditional dance music that has been the most widespread music in Tanzania.[6][7] Dansi is urban jazz or band music.[6][8] Taarab is sung Kiswahili poetry accompanied by a band, typically string, in which audience is often, but not always, encouraged to dance and clap.[6] Kwaya was choir music originally limited to church during colonization, but is now a secular part of educational, social, and political events.[4][7]

Bongo flava is Tanzanian pop music originating in the early 2000s from muziki wa kizazi kipya, meaning "Music of the new generation", which originated in the late 1980s. Kizazi kipya's dominant influences were reggae, RnB, and hip hop, where as the later bongo flava's dominant influences are taarab and dansi.[9] Three recent influence on bongo flava are Afropop in the 2010s, as well as amapiano from South Africa and singeli from Tanzania, both since 2020.[10][11] Singeli is a ngoma music that originated in Manzese, an uswahilini in north-west Dar es Salaam. A MC performs over fast tempo taarab music, often at between 200 and 300 beats per minute (BPM) while females dance. Styles between MC gender typically differ significantly. Male MCs usually perform in fast-paced rap, while female MCs usually perform kwaya.[3]

From independence until 1993, all recording and distribution of music was strictly managed by BASATA, primarily through Radio Tanzania Dar es Salaam (RTD).[12] Only the four Tanzanian genres were permitted to be recorded or broadcast, which at the time was ngoma, taarab, kwaya and dansi. The Broadcasting Services Act of 1993 allowed private broadcast networks and recording studios.[13][14] In the few years prior to the 1993 Act hip hop had been getting somewhat established in Dar es Salaam, Arusha and Mwanza. It was transitioning from English performances of hip hop originating in uzunguni, rich areas like Oysterbay and Masaki with international schools, to Kiswahili performances of kizazi kipya, originating in uswahilini.[15] Following the opening of the radio waves, bongo flava spreading throughout the country, and the rest of the Great Lakes.[9]

National anthem[සංස්කරණය]

Mungu ibariki Afrika
National Anthem of Tanzania
National Anthem of Tanzania performed by United States Navy Band[16]
මෙම ගොනුවට සවන්දීමේ ගැටලුවක්ද? මාධ්‍ය උදව් වෙතට යොමු වන්න.

The Tanzanian national anthem is "Mungu Ibariki Africa" (God Bless Africa). It has kiswahili lyrics adapted for "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" composed by South African composer Enoch Sontonga in 1897.[17] "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" became a pan-African song adapted into the current national anthems for Tanzania, Zambia, and following the end of apartheid South Africa.[18] It was previously used in the national anthems for Zimbabwe and Namibia, but has since been replaced by original new anthems. Another patriotic song is Tanzania, Tanzania.

Literature[සංස්කරණය]

ප්‍රධාන ලිපිය: Tanzanian literature

Tanzania's literary culture is primarily oral.[19]:page 68 Major oral literary forms include folktales, poems, riddles, proverbs, and songs.[19]:page 69 The greatest part of Tanzania's recorded oral literature is in Swahili, even though each of the country's languages has its own oral tradition.[19]:pages 68–69 The country's oral literature has been declining because of the breakdown of the multigenerational social structure, making transmission of oral literature more difficult, and because increasing modernisation has been accompanied by the devaluation of oral literature.[19]:page 69

Books in Tanzania are often expensive and hard to come by.[19]:page 75[20]:page 16 Most Tanzanian literature is in Swahili or English.[19]:page 75 Major figures in Tanzanian written literature include Shaaban Robert (considered the father of Swahili literature), Muhammed Saley Farsy, Faraji Katalambulla, Adam Shafi Adam, Muhammed Said Abdalla, Peter K. Palangyo, Said Ahmed Mohammed Khamis, Mohamed Suleiman Mohamed, Euphrase Kezilahabi, Gabriel Ruhumbika, Ebrahim Hussein, May Materru Balisidya, Fadhy Mtanga, Abdulrazak Gurnah, and Penina O. Mlama.[19]:pages 76–8

A Tingatinga painting

Painting and sculpture[සංස්කරණය]

Two Tanzanian art styles have achieved international recognition.[20]:p. 17 The Tingatinga school of painting, founded by Edward Said Tingatinga, consists of brightly coloured enamel paintings on canvas, generally depicting people, animals, or daily life.[19]:p. 113[20]:p. 17 After Tingatinga's death in 1972, other artists adopted and developed his style, with the genre now being the most important tourist-oriented style in East Africa.[19]:p. 113[20]:p. 17

Historically, there were limited opportunities for formal European art training in Tanzania and many aspiring Tanzanian artists left the country to pursue their vocation.[20]:p. 17

Sports[සංස්කරණය]

National Stadium in Dar es Salaam
ප්‍රධාන ලිපිය: Sport in Tanzania

Football is very popular throughout the country.[21] The most popular professional football clubs in Dar es Salaam are the Young Africans F.C. and Simba S.C.[22] The Tanzania Football Federation is the governing body for football in the country.

Other popular sports include basketball, netball, boxing, volleyball, athletics, and rugby.[21][23] The National Sports Council also known as Baraza la Michezo la Taifa is the governing body for sports in the country under the Ministry of Information, Youth, Sports and Culture.[24]

Cinema[සංස්කරණය]

Tanzania has a popular film industry known as "Bongo Movie".[තහවුරු කර නොමැත]

යොමු කිරීම්[සංස්කරණය]

  1. ↑ Askew, Kelly (2002). Performing the Nation: Swahili Music and Cultural Politics in Tanzania (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 27–67, 276. ISBN 978-0-226-02981-8. 22 June 2022 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2 June 2022.
  2. ↑ Ivaska, Andrew (2011). Cultured States: Youth, Gender, and Modern Style in 1960s Dar Es Salaam (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Durham, NC: Duke University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-8223-4770-5. 5 June 2022 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 5 June 2022.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hutchinson, Kate (17 December 2018). "'This cuts across society': how singeli music went from Tanzania to the world". The Guardian (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Kampala, Uganda. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 26 June 2022.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Stone, Ruth M., ed. (2008). The Garland Handbook of African Music (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). New York: Routledge. pp. 14, 46–50, 136–137. ISBN 9781135900014. 22 June 2022 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2 June 2022.
  5. ↑ Kaduma, Godwin Z. (1978). A theatrical description of five Tanzanian dances (Thesis). Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Njogu, Kimani; Maupeu, Herv (2007). "Music and Politics in Tanzania: a case study of Nyota-wa-Cigogo". Songs and Politics in Eastern Africa (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers Ltd. pp. 241–246. ISBN 978-9987-08-108-0. 22 June 2022 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2 June 2022.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Edmondson, Laura (2007). McNaughton, Patrick (ed.). Performance and Politics in Tanzania: The Nation on Stage (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-11705-2. 22 June 2022 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2 June 2022.
  8. ↑ Mahenge, Elizabeth (2022-04-16). "Matumizi ya Mbinu ya Usimulizi katika Kuibua Dhamira ya Ukombozi wa Kisiasa Kusini mwa Afrika: Uchunguzi wa Nyimbo Teule za Muziki wa Dansi nchini Tanzania 1940-1990" [Use of Narrative Techniques in Raising the Demand for Political Liberation in Southern Africa: An Examination of Selected Dance Music Songs in Tanzania 1940-1990]. Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam (ස්වාහිලි බසින්). 40 (40).
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Kerr, David (2018-01-02). "From the margins to the mainstream: making and remaking an alternative music economy in Dar es Salaam". Journal of African Cultural Studies (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). 30 (1). Routledge: 65–80. doi:10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776. ISSN 1369-6815. S2CID 146229942. 22 June 2022 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 5 June 2022.
  10. ↑ Suriano, Maria (2011). "Hip-Hop and Bongo Flavour Music in Contemporary Tanzania: Youths' Experiences, Agency, Aspirations and Contradictions". Africa Development. 36 (3–4): 113–126. doi:10.1080/00020184.2011.628800. ISSN 0850-3907. S2CID 163049425. 2 June 2022 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2 June 2022.
  11. ↑ Perullo, Alex (2005). "Hooligans and heroes: Youth identity and hip-hop in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania". Africa Today. 51 (4). Indiana University Press: 75–101. doi:10.1353/at.2005.0045. JSTOR 4187688. S2CID 144975952. 9 June 2022 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 5 June 2022 – via JSTOR.
  12. ↑ Perullo, Alex (2007). "" Here's a Little Something Local": An Early History of Hip Hop in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1984-1997". In Brennan, James R (ed.). Dar es Salaam. Histories from an Emerging African Metropolis (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). British Institute and Mkuki na Nyota Publishers Ltd. pp. 250–272. ISBN 978-9987-08-107-3. 5 June 2022 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 5 June 2022.
  13. ↑ "The Broadcasting Services Act, 1993". Act of Error: the date or year parameters are either empty or in an invalid format, please use a valid year for year, and use DMY, MDY, MY, or Y date formats for date (PDF) (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Parliament of the United Republic of Tanzania. 27 September 2020 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත (PDF). සම්ප්‍රවේශය 9 June 2022. සංරක්ෂණය කළ පිටපත 27 සැප්තැම්බර් 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ↑ Perullo, Alex (2011). Live from Dar es Salaam: Popular Music and Tanzania's Music Economy. United States: Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-00150-4. 5 June 2022 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 5 June 2022.
  15. ↑ Nne, Juma (2001-10-01). "Saleh J – Tanzanian Swahili rap pioneer". Africanhiphop.com (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). 21 April 2021 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 5 June 2022.
  16. ↑ "United States Navy Ceremonial Music and National Anthems". United States Navy Band. 1967. 7 April 2022 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2022-06-03.
  17. ↑ Enoch Mankayti Sontonga සංරක්ෂණය කළ පිටපත 4 නොවැම්බර් 2013 at the Wayback Machine, SAHistory.org.za, access-date 2020-1-22
  18. ↑ "Millennium". Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Services. 2000. p. 3.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.8 Otiso, Kefa M. (2013). Culture and Customs of Tanzania. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-08708-0.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 Tim Doling (1999) Tanzania Arts Directory. Visiting Arts
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Wairagala, Wakabi (2004). Tanzania. Gareth Stevens Pub. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8368-3119-1.
  22. ↑ Skinner, Annabel (2005). Tanzania & Zanzibar. New Holland Publishers. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-86011-216-4.[permanent dead link]
  23. ↑ Pritchett, Bev (2007). Tanzania in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 53–. ISBN 978-0-8225-8571-8.
  24. ↑ "NSC". Tanzania Sports (ඇමෙරිකානු ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). October 2011. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 5 January 2020.
"https://si.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ටැන්සානියාවේ_සංස්කෘතිය&oldid=681691" වෙතින් සම්ප්‍රවේශනය කෙරිණි