ටැන්සානියාවේ විද්යාව සහ තාක්ෂණය
Science and technology[සංස්කරණය]
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Tanzania's first "National Science and Technology Policy" was adopted in 1996. The objective of the government's "Vision 2025" (1998) document was to "transform the economy into a strong, resilient and competitive one, buttressed by science and technology".
Under the umbrella of the One UN Initiative, UNESCO and Tanzanian government departments and agencies formulated a series of proposals in 2008 for revising the "National Science and Technology Policy". The total reform budget of US$10 million was financed from the One UN fund and other sources. UNESCO provided support for mainstreaming science, technology, and innovation into the new "National Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy" for the mainland and Zanzibar namely, Mkukuta II and Mkuza II, including in the field of tourism.[තහවුරු කර නොමැත]
Tanzania's revised science policy was published in 2010. Entitled "National Research and Development Policy", it recognises the need to improve the process of prioritisation of research capacities, develop international co-operation in strategic areas of research and development, and improve planning for human resources. It also makes provisions for the establishment of a National Research Fund. This policy was, in turn, reviewed in 2012 and 2013.[1]
In 2010, Tanzania devoted 0.38 per cent of GDP to research and development. The global average in 2013 was 1.7 per cent of GDP. Tanzania had 69 researchers (in head counts) per million population in 2010. In 2014, Tanzania counted 15 publications per million inhabitants in internationally catalogued journals, according to Thomson Reuters' Web of Science (Science Citation Index Expanded). The average for sub-Saharan Africa was 20 publications per million inhabitants and the global average 176 publications per million inhabitants. Tanzania was ranked 113rd in the Global Innovation Index in 2023, down from 97th in 2019.[2][3][4]
යොමු කිරීම්[සංස්කරණය]
- ↑ Kraemer-Mbula, Erika; Scerri, Mario (2015). Southern Africa. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. pp. 535–565. ISBN 978-92-3-100129-1. 10 ඔක්තෝබර් 2017 දින මුල් පිටපත (PDF) වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී.
- ↑ WIPO (12 December 2023). Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition (ඉංග්රීසි බසින්). World Intellectual Property Organization. doi:10.34667/tind.46596. ISBN 9789280534320. සම්ප්රවේශය 2023-10-30.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ↑ "Global Innovation Index 2019". www.wipo.int (ඉංග්රීසි බසින්). සම්ප්රවේශය 2021-09-02.
- ↑ "Global Innovation Index". INSEAD Knowledge (ඉංග්රීසි බසින්). 2013-10-28. 2 September 2021 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්රවේශය 2021-09-02.