මිනුම් ක්‍රම

A system of measurement is a set of units which can be used to specify anything which can be measured and were historically important, regulated and defined because of trade and internal commerce. Scientifically, when later analyzed, some quantities are designated as fundamental units meaning all other needed units can be derived from them, whereas in the early and most historic eras, the units were given by fiat (See Statutory law) by the ruling entities and were not necessarily well inter-related or self-consistent.

Although we might suggest that the Egyptians had discovered the art of measurement, it is really only with the Greeks that the science of measurement begins to appear. The Greeks' knowledge of geometry, and their early experimentation with weights and measures, soon began to place their measurement system on a more scientific basis. By comparison, Roman science, which came later, was not as advanced...

The French Revolution gave rise to the metric system, and this has spread around the world, replacing most customary units of measure. In most systems, length (distance), weight, and time are fundamental quantities; or as has been now accepted as better in science and engineering, the substitution of mass for weight, as a better more basic parameter. Some systems have changed to recognize the improved relationship, notably the 1824 legal changes to the imperial system.

Later science developments showed that either electric charge or electric current must be added to complete the minimum set of fundamental quantities by which all other metrological units may be defined. Other quantities, such as power, speed, etc. are derived from the fundamental set; for example, speed is distance per unit time. Historically a wide range of units was used for the same quantity; for example, in several cultural settings, length was measured in inches, feet, yards, fathoms, rods, chains, furlongs, miles, nautical miles, stadia, leagues, with conversion factors which were not simple powers of ten or even simple fractions within a given customary system.

Nor were they necessarily the same units (or equal units) between different members of similar cultural backgrounds. It must be understood by the modern reader that historically, measurement systems were perfectly adequate within their own cultural milieu, and the understanding that a better more universal system (based on more rationale and fundamental units) only gradually spread with the maturation and appreciation of the rigor characteristic of Newtonian physics. Moreover, changing a measurement system has real fiscal and cultural costs as well as the advantages that accrue from replacing one measuring system with a better one.

Once the analysis tools within that field were appreciated and came into widespread use in the emerging sciences, especially in the applied sciences like civil and mechanical engineering, pressure built up for conversion to a common basis of measurement. As people increasingly appreciated these needs and the difficulties of converting between numerous national customary systems became more widely recognised there was an obvious justification for an international effort to standardise measurements. The French Revolutionary spirit for took the first significant and radical step down that road.

In antiquity, systems of measurement were defined locally, the different units were defined independently according to the length of a king's thumb or the size of his foot, the length of stride, the length of arm or per custom like the weight of water in a keg of specific size, perhaps itself defined in hands and knuckles. The unifying characteristic is that there was some definition based on some standard, however egocentric or amusing it may now seem viewed with eyes used to modern precision. Eventually cubits and strides gave way under need and demand from merchants and evolved to customary units.

In the metric system and other recent systems, a single basic unit is used for each fundamental quantity. Often secondary units (multiples and submultiples) are used which convert to the basic units by multiplying by powers of ten, i.e., by simply moving the decimal point. Thus the basic metric unit of length is the metre; a distance of 1.234 m is 1234.0 millimetres, or 0.001234 kilometres.

මෙට්‍රික් ක්‍රමය

ගොනුව:MetricImperialUSCustomaryUnits.jpg

A baby bottle that measures in three measurement systems—imperial (U.K.), U.S. customary, and metric.

Metric systems of units have evolved since the adoption of the first well-defined system in France in 1795. During this evolution the use of these systems has spread throughout the world, first to non-English-speaking countries, and then to English speaking countries.

Multiples and submultiples of metric units are related by powers of ten and their names are formed with prefixes. This relationship is compatible with the decimal system of numbers and it contributes greatly to the convenience of metric units.

In the early metric system there were two fundamental or base units, the metre for length and the gram for mass. The other units of length and mass, and all units of area, volume, and compound units such as density were derived from these two fundamental units.

Mesures usuelles (French for customary measurements) were a system of measurement introduced to act as compromise between the metric system and traditional measurements. It was used in France from 1812 to 1839.

A number of variations on the metric system have been in use. These include gravitational systems, the centimetre-gram-second systems (cgs) useful in science, the metre-tonne-second system (mts) once used in the USSR and the metre-kilogram-second system of units (mks) most commonly used today.

The current international standard metric system is the International System of Units (Système international d'unités or SI) It is an mks system based on the metre, kilogram and second as well as the කෙල්වින්, ampere, candela, and mole.

The SI includes two classes of units which are defined and agreed internationally. The first of these classes are the seven SI base units for length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, luminous intensity and amount of substance. The second of these are the SI derived units. These derived units are defined in terms of the seven base units. All other quantities (e.g. work, force, power) are expressed in terms of SI derived units.

පෞරාණික සහ සම්ප්‍රදායික මිනුම් ක්‍රම

මූලික ලිපිය: History of measurement

Throughout history, many official systems of measurement have been used. While no longer in official use, some of these customary systems are occasionally used in day to day life, for instance in cooking.

ආසියානු මිනුම් ක්‍රම

See also: History of measurement systems in India

• චීන
• හින්දු
• සිංහල
• ජපං
• තායිවාන
• තමිල්

Middle Eastern systems of measurement

• Arabic

• Egyptian

• Hebrew

• Maltese

• Mesopotamian

• Persian

European Systems of Measurement

Danish Dutch English Finnish French German

Greek Norwegian Polish Portuguese and Spanish Roman

Romanian Russian Scottish Swedish Tatar

Imperial and U.S. customary units

Both Imperial units and U.S. customary units derive from earlier English units. Imperial units were mostly used in the British Commonwealth and the former බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අධිරාජ්‍යය but in most Commonwealth countries they have been largely supplanted by the metric system. They are still used for some applications in the United Kingdom but have been mostly replaced by the metric system in commercial, scientific, and industrial applications.

U.S. customary units, however, are still the main system of measurement in the United States. While some steps towards metrication have been made (mainly in the late 1960s and early 1970s), the customary units have a strong hold due to the vast industrial infrastructure and commercial development. The effort is proceeding slowly due to the overwhelming financial cost of converting the existing infrastructure. U.S. companies which trade internationally are more likely to use the metric system due to international standards and certifications such as ISO9000. The metric system is preferred in certain fields such as science, වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාව, technology and the military. The building profession uses US customary units, though architects working internationally are increasingly adapting to the metric system.

While imperial and US customary systems are closely related, there are a number of differences between them. Units of length and area (the inch, foot, yard, mile etc.) are identical except for surveying purposes. The Avoirdupois units of mass and weight differ for units larger than a pound (lb.). The Imperial system uses a stone of 14 lb., a long hundredweight of 112 lb. and a long ton of 2240 lb. The stone is not used in the U.S. and the hundredweights and tons are short being 100 lb. and 2000 lb. respectively.

Where these systems most notably differ is in their units of volume. A U.S. fluid ounce (fl. oz.) c. 29.6 millilitres (ml) is slightly larger than the Imperial fluid ounce (28.4 ml). However, as there are 16 U.S. fl. oz. to a U.S. pint and 20 Imperial fl. oz. per Imperial pint, these Imperial pint is about 20% larger. The same is true of quarts, gallons, etc. Six U.S. gallons are a little less than five Imperial gallons.

The Avoirdupois system served as the general system of mass and weight. In addition to this there are the Troy and the Apothecaries' systems. Troy weight was customarily used for precious metals, black powder and gemstones. The troy ounce is the only unit of the system in current use; it is used for precious metals. Although the troy ounce is larger than its Avoirdupois equivalent, the pound is smaller. The obsolete troy pound was divided into twelve ounces opposed to the sixteen ounces per pound of the Avoirdupois system. The Apothecaries' system; traditionally used in pharmacology, now replaced by the metric system; shares same pound and ounce as the troy system but with different further subdivisions.

Natural units

Natural units are physical units of measurement defined in terms of universal physical constants in such a manner that some chosen physical constants take on the numerical value of one when expressed in terms of a particular set of natural units. Natural units are natural because the origin of their definition comes only from properties of nature and not from any human construct. Various systems of natural units are possible. Below are listed some examples.

• Geometric unit systems are useful in relativistic physics. In these systems the base physical units are chosen so that the speed of light and the gravitational constant are set equal to unity.
• Planck units are a form of geometric units obtained by also setting Boltzmann's constant, the Coulomb force constant and the reduced Planck constant to unity. They might be considered unique in that they are based only on properties of free space rather than any prototype, object or particle.
• Stoney units are similar to Planck units but set the elementary charge to unity and allow Planck's constant to float.
• "Schrödinger" units are also similar to Planck units and set the elementary charge to unity too but allow the speed of light to float.
• Atomic units (au) are a convenient system of units of measurement used in atomic physics, particularly for describing the properties of electrons. The atomic units have been chosen such that the fundamental electron properties are all equal to one atomic unit. They are similar to "Schrödinger" units but set the electron mass to unity and allow the gravitational constant to float. The unit energy in this system is the total energy of the electron in the Bohr atom and called the Hartree energy. The unit length is the Bohr radius.
• Electronic units are similar to Stoney units but set the electron mass to unity and allow the gravitational constant to float. They are also similar to Atomic units but set the speed of light to unity and allow Planck's constant to float.
• Quantum electrodynamical units are similar to the electronic system of units except that the proton mass is normalised rather than the electron mass.

Non-standard units

Non-standard measurement units, sometimes found in books, newspapers etc., include:

Area

• The (American) football field, which has a playing area සැකිල්ල:Convert/yd long by 160 feet (48.8 m) wide. This is often used by the American public media for the sizes of large buildings or parks: easily walkable but non-trivial distances. Note that it is used as a unit of length (සැකිල්ල:Convert/yd, the length of the playing field excluding goal areas) or area (සැකිල්ල:Convert/LoffAonD/Soff)
• British media also frequently uses the football pitch for equivalent purposes, although Association Football (Soccer) pitches are not of a fixed size, but instead can vary within defined limits (සැකිල්ල:Convert/yd long, and සැකිල්ල:Convert/yd wide, giving an area of සැකිල්ල:Convert/to). Example: HSS vessels are aluminium catamarans about the size of a football pitch... - Belfast Telegraph 23 June 2007
• In the U.S. a small circular area is often described as "the size of a dime". Example: The "brain scope" developed at Duke University is inserted into a dime-sized hole in the skull... -Science Daily
• An area the size of Wales is frequently refered to as "An area the size of Wales", ever since an area the size of Wales was missed out in a map of the world published by a well-respected company.

Energy

• A ton of TNT, and its multiples the kiloton and the megaton and the gigaton. Often used in stating the power of very energetic events such as explosions and volcanic events and earthquakes and asteroid impacts. A gram of TNT as a unit of energy has been defined as 1000 thermochemical calories (සැකිල්ල:Convert/cal).
• The Hiroshima atom bomb. Its force is often used in the public media and popular books as a unit of energy. (Its yield was roughly 13 kilotons / 60 TJ.)

Force

• The weight of an elephant. It is often used as a unit of weight in popular books about very big animals such as dinosaurs. This unit needs to be defined, as the real weight of elephants varies much with age, sex and species. An average adult male African elephant weighs 11,000 lb (5,000 kg).
• Bald eagles. Example: Largest Flying Bird ...Argentavis was no ostrich. Despite weighing as much as 16 bald eagles... - National Geographic News 2 Jul 2007 Argentavis was described elsewhere in the article as weighing 155 pounds (70 kg), so the weight used for a bald eagle in this comparison would be 10 lb (4.5 kg).

Vertical distance

• The "height of a London Bus" is used by British media to describe height. Example: ... tsunami three times the height of a London bus that battered the north coast of New Guinea, wiping out four villages and killing more than 3,000 people - Guardian Unlimited

Volume

• Nuts, fruit and vegetables are sometimes used to indicate volume. Example: Facts about Arthritis ...The size of the nodules can range from that of a pea to walnut size. - The Desert Sun, Palm Springs CA 6 July 2007
• Larger volumes can be indicated as being "the size of a house". Example: Asteroids can range from the size of a house to objects the size of Vesta. - Spaceflight Now quoting NASA press kit

Units of currency

A unit of measurement that applies to money is called a unit of account. This is normally a currency issued by a country or a fraction thereof; for instance, the U.S. dollar and U.S. cent (1/100 of a dollar), or the euro and euro cent.

ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (IOS).

තවද බලන්න

• Megalithic yard
• Pseudoscientific metrology
• ඒකක සහ මාන
• Weights and measures

Conversion tables

• Approximate conversion of units
• Conversion of units

References

• Tavernor, Robert (2007), Smoot's Ear: The Measure of Humanity, ISBN 030-0124-92-9

External links

• A Dictionary of Units of Measurement
• A utility to Convert Different Units
• CLDR - Unicode localization of currency, date, time, numbers
• Dictionary of Units of Measurement
• Old units of measure
• Measures from Antiquity and the Bible
• Reasonover's Land Measures A Reference to Spanish and French land measures (and their English equivalents with conversion tables) used in North America
• The Unified Code for Units of Measure