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ටැන්සානියාවේ දේශපාලනය

විකිපීඩියා වෙතින්

Politics[සංස්කරණය]

ප්‍රධාන ලිපිය: Politics of Tanzania

Government[සංස්කරණය]

ප්‍රධාන ලිපිය: Constitution of Tanzania

Tanzania is a one-party dominant state with the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) party in power. From its formation until 1992, it was the only legally permitted party in the country. This changed on 1 July 1992, when the constitution was amended.[1]:§ 3 It has held power since independence in 1961, and is the longest-serving ruling party in Africa.[2]

John Magufuli won the October 2015 presidential election and secured a two-thirds majority in parliament.[3][4] The main opposition party in Tanzania since multiparty politics in 1992 is called Chama cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (Chadema) (Swahili for "Party for Democracy and Progress"). The leader of Chadema party is Freeman Mbowe.[5]

In Zanzibar, the country's semi-autonomous state, The Alliance for Change and Transparency-Wazalendois (ACT-Wazalendo) is considered the main opposition political party. The constitution of Zanzibar requires the party that comes in second in the polls to join a coalition with the winning party. ACT-Wazalendo joined a coalition government with the islands' ruling party Chama Cha Mapinduzi in December 2020 after Zanzibar disputed elections.[6]

In November 2020, Magufuli once again was declared the winner for his second term as president. Election fraud was suspected. The national electoral commission announced that Magufuli received 84%, or about 12.5 million votes and the top opposition candidate, Tundu Lissu received 13%, about 1.9 million votes.[7]

In March 2021, it was announced that Magufuli had died whilst serving in office, meaning that his vice president, Samia Suluhu Hassan, became the country's president.[8]

Executive[සංස්කරණය]

President Samia Suluhu Hassan
Prime Minister Kassim Majaliwa

The president of Tanzania and the members of the National Assembly are elected concurrently by direct popular vote for five-year terms.[1]:§ 42(2) The vice-president is elected for a five-year term at the same time as the president and on the same ticket.[1]:§§ 47(2), 50(1) Neither the president nor the vice-president may be a member of the National Assembly.[1]:§ 66(2) The president appoints a prime minister from among the members of the National Assembly, subject to confirmation by the assembly, to serve as the government's leader in the assembly.[1]:§§ 51(1)-(2), 52(2) The president selects her cabinet from assembly members.[1]:§ 55 Law enforcement in Tanzania is under the executive branch of government and is administered by the Tanzania Police Force.[9]

Legislature[සංස්කරණය]

All legislative power relating to mainland Tanzania and union matters is vested in the National Assembly,[1]:§ 64(1) which is unicameral and has 393 members.[10] These include members elected to represent constituencies, the attorney general, five members elected by the Zanzibar house of representatives from among its own members, the special women's seats that constitute at least 30% of the seats that any party has in the assembly, the speaker of the assembly (if not otherwise a member of the assembly), and the persons (not more than ten) appointed by the president.[1]:§ 66(1) The Tanzania Electoral Commission demarcates the mainland into constituencies in the number determined by the commission with the consent of the president.[1]:§ 75

Judiciary[සංස්කරණය]

මේවාත් බලන්න: Chief Justice of Tanzania

Tanzania's legal system is based on English common law.[11]

High Court Building in Kigoma

Tanzania has a four-level judiciary.[11] The lowest-level courts on the Tanzanian mainland are the Primary Courts.[11] In Zanzibar, the lowest-level courts are the Kadhi's Courts for Islamic family matters and the Primary Courts for all other cases.[11] On the mainland, appeal is to either the District Courts or the Resident Magistrates Courts.[11] In Zanzibar, appeal is to the Kadhi's Appeal Courts for Islamic family matters and the Magistrates Courts for all other cases.[11] From there, appeal is to the High Court of Mainland Tanzania or Zanzibar.[11] No appeal regarding Islamic family matters can be made from the High Court of Zanzibar.[11][12]:§ 99(1) Otherwise, the final appeal is to the Court of Appeal of Tanzania.[11]

The High Court of mainland Tanzania has three divisions – commercial, labour, and land[11] – and 15 geographic zones.[13] The High Court of Zanzibar has an industrial division, which hears only labour disputes.[14]

Mainland and union judges are appointed by the Chief Justice of Tanzania,[15] except for those of the Court of Appeal and the High Court, who are appointed by the president of Tanzania.[1]:§§ 109(1), 118(2)–(3)

Tanzania is a party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.[16]

Law enforcement[සංස්කරණය]

ප්‍රධාන ලිපිය: Law enforcement in Tanzania

Public safety and border control is the responsibility of the Tanzania Police Force. Oversight of the force is shared by the Principal Secretary of the Ministry of Police and the Inspector-General of Police.[17]

Zanzibar[සංස්කරණය]

The semi-autonomous Zanzibar Archipelago

The legislative authority in Zanzibar over all non-union matters is vested in the House of Representatives (per the Tanzania constitution)[1]:§ 106(3) or the Legislative Council (per the Zanzibar constitution).

The Legislative Council has two parts: the president of Zanzibar and the House of Representatives.[1]:§ 107(1)-(2)[12]:§ 63(1) The president is Zanzibar's head of government and the chairman of the Revolutionary Council, in which the executive authority of Zanzibar is invested.[12]:§§ 5A(2), 26(1) Zanzibar has two vice-presidents, with the first being from the main opposition party in the house.[18][19] The second is from the party in power and is the leader of government business in the House.[19]

The president and the members of the House of Representatives have five-year terms and can be elected for a second term.[12]:§ 28(2)

The president selects ministers from members of the House of Representatives,[12]:§ 42(2) with the ministers allocated according to the number of House seats won by political parties.[18] The Revolutionary Council consists of the president, both vice-presidents, all ministers, the attorney general of Zanzibar, and other house members deemed fit by the president.[18]

The House of Representatives is composed of elected members, ten members appointed by the president, all the regional commissioners of Zanzibar, the attorney general, and appointed female members whose number must be equal to 30 per cent of the elected members.[12]:§§ 55(3), 64, 67(1) The House determines the number of its elected members[12]:§ 120(2) with the Zanzibar Electoral Commission determining the boundaries of each election constituency.[12]:§ 120(1) In 2013, the House had 81 members: fifty elected members, five regional commissioners, the attorney general, ten members appointed by the president, and fifteen appointed female members.[10]

Leadership in World governance initiatives[සංස්කරණය]

Tanzania has been one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a world constitution.[20][21] As a result, in 1968, for the first time in human history, a World Constituent Assembly convened to draft and adopt the Constitution for the Federation of Earth.[22] Julius Nyerere, then president of Tanzania signed the agreement to convene a World Constituent Assembly.[23]

Administrative subdivisions[සංස්කරණය]

ප්‍රධාන ලිපියන්: Regions of Tanzania, Districts of Tanzania, සහ Subdivisions of Tanzania
Regions of Tanzania

In 1972, local government on the mainland was abolished and replaced with direct rule from the central government. Local government, however, was reintroduced in the beginning of the 1980s, when the rural councils and rural authorities were re-established. Local government elections took place in 1983, and functioning councils started in 1984. In 1999, a Local Government Reform Programme was enacted by the National Assembly, setting "a comprehensive and ambitious agenda ... [covering] four areas: political decentralization, financial decentralization, administrative decentralization and changed central-local relations, with the mainland government having overriding powers within the framework of the Constitution."[24]

As of 2016, Tanzania is divided into thirty-one regions (mkoa),[25][26] twenty-six on the mainland and five in Zanzibar (three on Unguja, two on Pemba).[27] In 2012, the thirty former regions were divided into 169 districts (wilaya), also known as local government authorities. Of those districts, 34 were urban units, which were further classified as three city councils (Arusha, Mbeya, and Mwanza), nineteen municipal councils, and twelve town councils.[28]

The urban units have an autonomous city, municipal, or town council and are subdivided into wards and mtaa. The non-urban units have an autonomous district council but are subdivided into village councils or township authorities (first level) and then into vitongoji.[24]

The city of Dar es Salaam is unique because it has a city council whose area of jurisdiction overlaps three municipal councils. The mayor of the city council is elected by that council. The twenty-member city council is composed of eleven persons elected by the municipal councils, seven members of the National Assembly, and "Nominated members of parliament under 'Special Seats' for women". Each municipal council also has a mayor. "The City Council performs a coordinating role and attends to issues cutting across the three municipalities", including security and emergency services.[29][30] The city of Mwanza has a city council whose areal jurisdiction overlaps two municipal councils.

Foreign policies and partnerships[සංස්කරණය]

ප්‍රධාන ලිපිය: Foreign relations of Tanzania
Tanzanian Embassy in West End, Washington, D.C.

Foreign policies of Tanzania are in process of review to replace the current New Foreign Policy of 2001, which was the first official foreign policy of Tanzania.[31][32] Before 2001, Tanzanian foreign policy was dictated by the various presidential declarations of Mwalimu Nyerere specifically Circular No. 2 of 1964,[33] Arusha Declaration,[34] and Policy of Foreign Affairs of 1967.[35] These declarations had focused foreign policy primarily on independence and sovereignty, human rights, and African unity.[36][37] The current New Foreign Policy of 2001 was established to better address the end of colonialism and the cold war, globalization, market economics and liberalization, and the multi-party state of Tanzania. Its primary focus is economic diplomacy and development.[38]

New Foreign Policy of 2001, which is still used today, has a foundation of 7 principles; sovereignty, liberalism, good neighborliness, African unity, non-alignment, economic diplomacy, and global cooperation for economic development and peace.[39] The primary objectives are outlined as the protection and promotion of cultural and economic interests, establishment of relations with other nations driven by economic interest, economic self-sufficiency, internal and global peace, and regional political and economic integration.[38][39]

A review of current foreign policy is being undertaken by the sixth phase government to replace the current New Foreign Policy of 2001.[31] Foreign Affairs Minister Liberata Mulamula has stated the new policies will maintain the priority of and non-alignment of the 2001 policy while making additional top priorities the climate change and refocusing economic diplomacy with a greater focus on value-added exports and the digital economy.[32]

International partnerships[සංස්කරණය]

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in Arusha
East African Legislative Assembly in Arusha

Tanzania is a member of many international organizations such as the United Nations (UN), African Union (AU), East African Community (EAC), and Southern African Development Community (SADC) among many others.[40] Additionally, due to the strength of Tanzania's non-alignment, unity and internal peace since independence, Tanzania frequently acts as a mediator and location of treaties and agreements between other nations, such as the Arusha Agreement with Europe, as well as the Arusha Accords with Rwanda (1993) and Burundi (2000).[41][42]

The United Nations has a large current and historical presence in Tanzania and acts as an important partner in itself, and associated IGOs and NGOs, in many functions in the country, as well as functions based in Tanzania and implemented throughout the Great Lakes and Africa as a whole.[43] Of the many functions, the UN and Tanzania partner or the UN works with outside countries, most notably human rights and justice courts and reporting, education, development, climate change, health, and wildlife conservation.[44] While the UN primary offices are in Oysterbay, Dar es Salaam, many other offices, courts, and NGOs are based in Arusha, TZ. The most well-known example is the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda genocide.[45]

The African Union consists of 55 nations in Africa.[46] Tanzania is a founding member of the AU in 2001, and its predecessor the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) by the predecessors of Tanzania, Tanganyika and Zanzibar, in 1963. The Judicial Branch of the AU and its courts are located in Tanzania.[47] Originally the Court of Justice of the African Union, it has been combined with the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights to form the African Court of Justice and Human Rights (ACJHR) which is located in Arusha.[47] Tanzania ratified and joined the AU-brokered African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) on 17 January 2022, the largest free trade area in the world.[48]

The East African Community consisting of Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, South Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is headquartered in Arusha.[49][50] Tanzania, along with Kenya and Uganda, is a founding member of the EAC in 2000.[51] Following the German defeat in World War I Tanzania joined the London-based East African Currency Board (EACB) that was a customs union and provider of currency for Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya from 1919 to 1948, the East Africa High Commission (EAHC) from 1948 to 1961, and East African Common Services Organization (EACSO) from 1961 to 1966. In 1966 all three countries formed the first East African Community which lasted until 1976, then the East African Co-operation from 1993 to 2000, before becoming reestablished as the East African Community in 2000.[51][52]

The EAC has had a customs union since 2005, with a free trade zone between member states and unified tariffs and trade agreements with non-member states and multinational organizations.[49] The customs union also established a unified organization and sets of rules, such as rules of origin, for all trade within, into, and passing through member states. In 2010 a common market was established within the EAC for the free movement of labor, goods, people, capital, and services, as well as established rights of establishment.[49] The East African Monetary Union (EAMU) is proposed to be established in 2024 that will create a single common currency by the East African Central Bank.[53] From the original reestablishment of the EAC, as laid out in Article 5(2) of the Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, the final goal for the EAC is always the political federation of all member states. In 2017 all member states adopted the confederation of EAC as a transitional precursor to the final federation.[49][52]

The Southern African Development Community consists of 16 nations, including all countries of southern Africa plus Tanzania and the DRC from the Great Lakes.[54] Tanzania is a founding member of SADC in 1994, as well as its predecessor the Frontline States (FLS), from 1960 to 1994. While FLS aimed to end apartheid, its successor SADC has the aims of furthering peace and security along with the economic and political integration of member states.[54]

Military[සංස්කරණය]

FIB Tanzanian special forces during training
ප්‍රධාන ලිපිය: Tanzania People's Defence Force

The Tanzania People's Defence Force (TPDF) (Kiswahili: Jeshi la Wananchi wa Tanzania (JWTZ)) is the armed forces of Tanzania, operating as a people's force under civilian control. It is composed of five branches or commands: Land Force (army), Air Force, Naval Command, National Service, Headquarter (MMJ).[55] Tanzanian citizens are able to volunteer for military service from 15 years of age, and 18 years of age for compulsory National military service upon graduation from advanced secondary school. Conscript service obligation was 2 years as of 2004.සැකිල්ල:Update inline

Human rights[සංස්කරණය]

ප්‍රධාන ලිපියන්: Human rights in Tanzania, Persecution of people with albinism, සහ LGBT rights in Tanzania

Throughout Tanzania, sexual acts between men are illegal and carry a maximum penalty of life imprisonment.[56] According to a 2007 Pew Research Centre survey, 95 percent of Tanzanians believed that homosexuality should not be accepted by society.[57]

People with albinism living in Tanzania are often attacked, killed or mutilated because of superstitions related to the black-magical practice known as muti that say body parts of albinos have magical properties.[58] Tanzania has the highest occurrence of this human rights violation among 27 African countries where muti is known to be practised.[59]

In December 2019, Amnesty International reported that the Tanzanian government annulled the right of NGOs as well as individuals to directly file any case against it at the Arusha-based African Court for Human and Peoples' Rights.[60]

යොමු කිරීම්[සංස්කරණය]

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 "Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania" (PDF). Judiciary of Tanzania. 17 December 2010 දින මුල් පිටපත (PDF) වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 19 February 2014.
  2. ↑ "Magufuli is Transforming Tanzania's Ruling Party From a 'Benign Hegemon' Into a Malevolent One". Council on Foreign Relations (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2021-06-02.
  3. ↑ "Tanzania's ruling party secures the presidency and a two-thirds majority in parliament". Quartz. 29 October 2015. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 30 October 2015.
  4. ↑ "Tanzania poll: John Magufuli of CCM defeats Edward Lowassa". BBC News (බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). 2015-10-29. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2021-06-02.
  5. ↑ "Tanzania police arrest main opposition party leader ahead of protests". CNN. 2020-11-02. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2021-06-02.
  6. ↑ Sultan, Ali (6 December 2020). "Zanzibar's opposition party to join coalition government". Associated Press. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 29 June 2021.
  7. ↑ "Tanzania elections: Main opposition parties demand fresh vote". BBC News. 31 October 2020. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 29 June 2021.
  8. ↑ "Samia Suluhu Hassan becomes President following death of John Magufuli". BBC News. 18 March 2021. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 18 March 2021.
  9. ↑ "Tanzania Police Force". African Policing Civilian Oversight Forum. 2 February 2023 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 5 February 2023.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Tanzania: Government". Broad College of Business, Michigan State University. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 19 February 2014.
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 Manning, Christabel; Kasera, Seka. "UPDATE: Tanzanian Legal System and Legal Research". GlobaLex. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 16 October 2014.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 The Constitution of Zanzibar. zltb.go.tz. 2006.
  13. ↑ "Commercial Division — High Court of Tanzania". 23 December 2014 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 17 October 2014.
  14. ↑ "Welcome to High Court of Zanzibar". judiciaryzanzibar.go.tz. සංරක්ෂණය කළ පිටපත 17 මාර්තු 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ "UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA Public Administration Country Profile" (PDF). January 2004. 16 May 2018 දින මුල් පිටපත (PDF) වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 1 February 2019.
  16. ↑ "African States, State Parties to the Rome Statute, International Criminal Court. Retrieved 21 October 2014". 11 October 2014 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී.
  17. ↑ "Tanzania – Tanzania Police Force". African Policing Civilian Oversight Forum. 2 February 2023 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 11 May 2023.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "Zanzibar: Constitution". Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa. 25 පෙබරවාරි 2014 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 19 පෙබරවාරි 2014.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Suksi, Markku (2011). Sub-State Governance through Territorial Autonomy: A Comparative Study in Constitutional Law of Powers, Procedures and Institutions. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 467. ISBN 978-3-642-20048-9.
  20. ↑ "Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961". Helen Keller Archive. American Foundation for the Blind. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2023-07-01.
  21. ↑ "Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials". Helen Keller Archive. American Foundation for the Blind. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2023-07-03.
  22. ↑ "Preparing earth constitution | Global Strategies & Solutions | The Encyclopedia of World Problems". The Encyclopedia of World Problems | Union of International Associations (UIA). සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2023-07-15.
  23. ↑ Amerasinghe, Terence P. (2009). Emerging World Law, Volume 1 (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Institute for Economic Democracy. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-933567-16-7.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Local government system in tanzania" (PDF). 31 May 2006. 18 April 2013 දින මුල් පිටපත (PDF) වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී.
  25. ↑ Kilyinga, Nasongelya (10 July 2015). "Enter Songwe Region as Six Districts Created". Daily News. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 21 February 2017.
  26. ↑ Mwakyusa, Alvar (4 February 2016). "Songwe is new region – with four districts". Daily News. 5 February 2016 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 21 February 2017.
  27. ↑ Regions. tanzania.go.tz
  28. ↑ "Population Distribution by Administrative Areas, 2012 Population and Housing Census, National Bureau of Statistics, United Republic of Tanzania, 2013".
  29. ↑ "City Status". Dar Es Salaam City Council. 22 November 2013 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී.
  30. ↑ "Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act, 1982, amended 1999" (PDF). Parliamentary On-line Information System. 1999. 7A and 69A. 22 October 2013 දින මුල් පිටපත (PDF) වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 19 February 2014.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Buhohela, Emmanuel; Bulu, Sheiba (2021-04-01). Tanzania, kufanya mageuzi ya Kidiplomasia [In Tanzania, to carry out Diplomatic reforms] (Report) (ස්වාහිලි බසින්). Dodoma, Tanzania: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2022-06-21.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Kanyabwoya, Damas (13 January 2022). "Tanzania's key focus areas in the new Foreign Policy". The Citizen (English බසින්). Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 21 June 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  33. ↑ "ABOUT THE MINISTRY". The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation (ඉංග්‍රීසි and ස්වාහිලි බසින්). Dodoma, Tanzania: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 21 June 2022.
  34. ↑ Nyerere, Julius K (1967). "The Policy of Self-Reliance". The Arusha Declaration and Tanu's policy on socialism and self-reliance (PDF) (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්) (1 ed.). Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: TANU, Publicity Section. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 21 June 2022.
  35. ↑ Nyerere, Julius K. (1967-10-16). Tanzania policy on foreign affairs (PDF) (Presidential Address). Tanganyika African National Union National Conference. Dar es Salaam: Ministry of Information and Tourism.
  36. ↑ Nzomo, Maria (1999). "The Foreign Policy of Tanzania: From Cold War to Post–Cold War". In Wright, Stephen (ed.). African Foreign Policies. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 184–187. doi:10.4324/9780429502521-10. ISBN 978-0-429-50252-1. S2CID 155717453.
  37. ↑ MAGOMA, Suleiman Masegesa (2020-02-22). The Significant role of Tanzania's diplomacy towards economic development (Public Policy thesis) (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Sejong City, South Korea: KDI School of Public Policy and Management.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Tanzania Foreign Policy the Case of Economic Diplomacy". The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation (ඉංග්‍රීසි and ස්වාහිලි බසින්). Dodoma, Tanzania: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 21 June 2022.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "The New Foreign Policy". Foreign Policy of 2001 (PDF) (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation.
  40. ↑ Hirschler, Kurt; Hofmeier, Rolf (2019). A decade of Tanzania: politics, economy and society 2005-2017 (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Leiden, Netherlands, Boston: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-40786-2.
  41. ↑ Chachage, Chambi S. (2004). "Nyerere: Nationalism and Post-Colonial Developmentalism". African Sociological Review (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). 8 (2). Dakar, Senegal: CODESRIA: 158–179. ISSN 1027-4332. JSTOR 24487453. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 21 June 2022.
  42. ↑ Waters, Tony (2006). "Markets and Morality: American Relations with Tanzania" (PDF). African Studies Quarterly (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). 8 (3). Gainesville, Florida: 46–53. 4 August 2019 දින මුල් පිටපත (PDF) වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 21 June 2022.
  43. ↑ "The United Nations in Tanzania". United Nations (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). සම්ප්‍රවේශය 22 June 2022.
  44. ↑ "UN Entities in Tanzania". United Nations (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). සම්ප්‍රවේශය 22 June 2022.
  45. ↑ සැකිල්ල:UN document
  46. ↑ "Member States". African Union (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). සම්ප්‍රවේශය 22 June 2022.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "Host Agreement Between the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania and the African Union on the Seat of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Right". HOST AGREEMENT of Error: the date or year parameters are either empty or in an invalid format, please use a valid year for year, and use DMY, MDY, MY, or Y date formats for date (PDF) (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). African Union. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 22 June 2022.
  48. ↑ Agarwal, Prachi; Kweka, Josaphat; Willem te Velde, Dirk (2022-03-11). Tanzania and the African Continental Free Trade Area: possible impacts, policy priorities and scoping of future support (Briefing, policy papers) (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). London, UK: Overseas Development Institute, Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2022-06-22.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 Ugirashebuja, Emmanuel; Ruhangisa, John Eudes; Ottervanger, Tom; Cuyvers, Armin, eds. (2017). East African Community Law: Institutional, Substantive and Comparative EU Aspects (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Leiden, Netherlands, Boston: Brill Nijhoff. ISBN 978-90-04-32207-3.
  50. ↑ "Overview of EAC". East African Community (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). සම්ප්‍රවේශය 22 June 2022.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 "History of the EAC". East African Community (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). සම්ප්‍රවේශය 22 June 2022.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Kadaga, Rebecca (2022-06-16). The Strategic need for EAC Integration (Keynote Address). Ministry of East African Community Affairs (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Makerere University. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2022-06-21.
  53. ↑ Adam, Christopher; Collier, Paul; Ndulu, B. J., eds. (2017). Tanzania: the path to prosperity (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Oxford, UK; New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-870481-2.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Muntschick, Johannes (2017-10-09). The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the European Union (EU): Regionalism and External Influence (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-319-45330-9. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 22 June 2022.
  55. ↑ "Mwanzo-Jeshi la Ulinzi la Wananchi wa Tanzania". Tpdf.mil.tz. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2022-02-10.
  56. ↑ "State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 17 මැයි 2016. 10 ඔක්තෝබර් 2017 දින මුල් පිටපත (PDF) වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී.
  57. ↑ "Pew Global Attitudes Project" (PDF). Pew Research Centre. pp. 35, 84, and 117. 14 February 2010 දින මුල් පිටපත (PDF) වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 15 July 2017.
  58. ↑ "Tanzania albino murders: 'More than 200 witchdoctors' arrested". BBC News. 12 March 2015.
  59. ↑ Charlotte Baker (22 September 2017) "The trade in body parts of people with albinism is driven by myths and international inaction". The Independent
  60. ↑ "Tanzania: Withdrawal of individual rights to African Court will deepen repression". Amnesty International. 2 December 2019. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2 December 2019.
"https://si.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ටැන්සානියාවේ_දේශපාලනය&oldid=679976" වෙතින් සම්ප්‍රවේශනය කෙරිණි