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ටැන්සානියාවේ ජනවිකාසය

විකිපීඩියා වෙතින්

Demographics[සංස්කරණය]

ප්‍රධාන ලිපිය: Demographics of Tanzania
Population in Tanzania[1][2]
Year Million
1950 7.9
2000 35.1
2021 63.6

According to the 2012 census, the total population of Tanzania was 44,928,923.[3] The under-15 age group represented 44.1% of the population.[4]

The population distribution in Tanzania is significantly uneven. Most people live on the northern border or the coast, with much of the remainder of the country being sparsely populated.[5]:page 1252 Density varies from 12 per square kilometre (31/sq mi) in the Katavi Region to 3,133 per square kilometre (8,110/sq mi) in the Dar es Salaam Region.[3]:page 6

Approximately 70% of the population is rural, although this percentage has been declining since at least 1967.[6] Dar es Salaam (population 4,364,541)[7] is the largest city and commercial capital. The capital of the country and economic centre of Tanzania, Dodoma (population 410,956)[7] is located in central Tanzania, and hosts the National Assembly.At the time of the foundation of the United Republic of Tanzania in 1964, the child mortality rate was 335 deaths per 1,000 live births. Since independence, the rate of child deaths has declined to 62 per 1000 births.[8]

 
Tanzania හි විශාලතම නගර
ස්ථානය Region ජනගහණය
Dar es Salaam
Dar es Salaam
Mwanza
Mwanza 		1 Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam 4,364,541 Arusha
Arusha
Dodoma
Dodoma
2 Mwanza Mwanza 706,543
3 Arusha Arusha 416,442
4 Dodoma Dodoma 410,956
5 Mbeya Mbeya 385,279
6 Morogoro Morogoro 315,866
7 Tanga Tanga 273,332
8 Kahama Shinyanga 242,208
9 Tabora Tabora 226,999
10 Zanzibar City Zanzibar West 223,033
The Hadza live as hunter-gatherers.

The population consists of about 125 ethnic groups.[9] The Sukuma, Nyamwezi, Chagga, and Haya peoples each have a population exceeding 1 million.[10]:page 4 Approximately 99 per cent of Tanzanians are of native African descent, with small numbers of Arab, European, and Asian descent.[9] The majority of Tanzanians, including the Sukuma and the Nyamwezi, are Bantu.[11]

The population also includes people of Arab and Indian origin, and small European and Chinese communities.[12] Many also identify as Shirazis. Thousands of Arabs and Indians were massacred during the Zanzibar Revolution of 1964.[13] As of 1994, the Asian community numbered 50,000 on the mainland and 4,000 on Zanzibar. An estimated 70,000 Arabs and 10,000 Europeans lived in Tanzania.[14]

Some albinos in Tanzania have been the victims of violence in recent years.[15][16][17][18] Attacks are often to hack off the limbs of albinos in the perverse superstitious belief that possessing the bones of albinos will bring wealth. The country has banned witch doctors to try to prevent the practice, but it has continued and albinos remain targets.[19]

According to 2010 Tanzanian government statistics, the total fertility rate in Tanzania was 5.4 children born per woman, with 3.7 in urban mainland areas, 6.1 in rural mainland areas, and 5.1 in Zanzibar.[20]:page 55 For all women aged 45–49, 37.3 per cent had given birth to eight or more children, and for currently married women in that age group, 45.0 per cent had given birth to that many children.[20]:page 61

Religion[සංස්කරණය]

ප්‍රධාන ලිපියන්: Religion in Tanzania, Christianity in Tanzania, සහ Islam in Zanzibar
Religion in Tanzania (2020)
Christianity
  
 63.1%
Islam
  
 34.1%
Indigenous beliefs
  
 1.1%
Other
  
 1.7%
Source: CIA World Factbook.[21]

Official statistics on religion are unavailable because religious surveys were eliminated from government census reports after 1967.[22] Tanzania's religious field is dominated by Christianity, Islam and African traditional religions connected to ethnic customs. The word for religion in Swahili, dini, generally apply to the world religions of Christianity and Islam meaning that followers of traditional African religions are considered to be of "no religion". Religious belonging is often ambiguous, with some people adhering to multiple religious identities at the same time (for instance being Christian but also following African traditional rituals) something which suggests that religious boundaries are flexible and contextual.[23]

St Joseph's Catholic cathedral, Zanzibar

According to a 2014 estimate by the CIA World Factbook, 61.4% of the population was Christian, 35.2% was Muslim, 1.8% practised traditional African religions, 1.4% were unaffiliated with any religion, and 0.2% followed other religions. However, according to the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA), 55.3% of the population is Christian, 31.5% is Muslim, 11.3% practices traditional faiths, while 1.9% of the population is non-religious or adheres to other faiths as of 2020.[24] The ARDA estimates that most Tanzanian Muslims are Sunni, with a small Shia minority, as of 2020.[24] Nearly the entire population of Zanzibar is Muslim.[21] Of Muslims, 16% are Ahmadiyya, 20% are non-denominational Muslims, 40% are Sunni, 20% are Shia, and 4% are Sufi.[25] Most Shias in Tanzania are from Asian/Indian descent.[26] Notable Shias of Indian/Khoja heritage in Tanzania are Mohammed Dewji or Amir H. Jamal.

Within the Christian community the Catholic Church is the largest group (51% all Christians).[27] Among the Protestants, the large number of Lutherans and Moravians points to the German missionary past of the country, while the number of Anglicans point to the British missionary history of Tanganyika. A growing number have adopted Pentecostalism, and Adventists likewise have an increasing presence because of external missionary activities from Scandinavia and the United States, especially during the first part of the 20th century.[28] All of them have had some influence in varying degrees from the Walokole movement (East African Revival), which has also been fertile ground for the spread of charismatic and Pentecostal groups.[29]

There are also active communities of other religious groups, primarily on the mainland, such as Buddhists, Hindus, and Bahá'ís.[30]

Languages[සංස්කරණය]

ප්‍රධාන ලිපිය: Languages of Tanzania
A carved door with Arabic calligraphy in Zanzibar

More than 100 languages are spoken in Tanzania, making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa.[31] Among the languages spoken are four of Africa's language families: Bantu, Cushitic, Nilotic, and Khoisan.[31] There are no de jure official languages in Tanzania.[32]

Swahili is used in parliamentary debate, in the lower courts, and as a medium of instruction in primary school. English is used in foreign trade, in diplomacy, in higher courts, and as a medium of instruction in secondary and higher education.[31] The Tanzanian government, however, has plans to discontinue English as a language of instruction.[33] In connection with his Ujamaa social policies, President Nyerere encouraged the use of Swahili to help unify the country's many ethnic groups.[34] Approximately 10 per cent of Tanzanians speak Swahili as a first language, and up to 90 per cent speak it as a second language.[31] Many educated Tanzanians are trilingual, also speaking English.[35][36][37] The widespread use and promotion of Swahili is contributing to the decline of smaller languages in the country.[31][38] Young children increasingly speak Swahili as a first language, particularly in urban areas.[39] Ethnic community languages (ECL) other than Kiswahili are not allowed as a language of instruction. Nor are they taught as a subject, though they might be used unofficially in some cases in initial education. Television and radio programmes in an ECL are prohibited, and it is nearly impossible to get permission to publish a newspaper in an ECL. There is no department of local or regional African Languages and Literatures at the University of Dar es Salaam.[40]

The Sandawe people speak a language that may be related to the Khoe languages of Botswana and Namibia, while the language of the Hadzabe people, although it has similar click consonants, is arguably a language isolate.[41] The language of the Iraqw people is Cushitic.[42]

Education and Libraries[සංස්කරණය]

ප්‍රධාන ලිපිය: Education in Tanzania
Nkrumah Hall at the University of Dar es Salaam

In 2015, the literacy rate in Tanzania was 77.9% for people aged 15 and over (83.2% males, 73.1% females).[43] Education is compulsory until children reach age 15.[44] In 2020, 97% completed primary (98.4% females and 95.5% males), 28.3% completed secondary (30% females and 27% males), and 8% completed tertiary education (7% females and 8.5% males).[45]

The Tanzania Library Services Board operates twenty-one regional, eighteen district, and one divisional library.[46][47]

Healthcare[සංස්කරණය]

ප්‍රධාන ලිපිය: Healthcare in Tanzania
Development of life expectancy

2012 වන විට, life expectancy at birth was 61 years.[48] The under-five mortality rate in 2012 was 54 per 1,000 live births.[48] The maternal mortality rate in 2013 was estimated at 410 per 100,000 live births.[48] Prematurity and malaria were tied in 2010 as the leading cause of death in children under five years old.[49] The other leading causes of death for these children were, in decreasing order, malaria, diarrhoea, HIV, and measles.[49]

Malaria in Tanzania causes death and disease and has a "huge economic impact".[50]:page 13 There were approximately 11.5 million cases of clinical malaria in 2008.[50]:page 12 In 2007–08, malaria prevalence among children aged 6 months to five years was highest in the Kagera Region (41.1 per cent) on the western shore of Lake Victoria and lowest in the Arusha Region (0.1 per cent).[50]:page 12

According to the 2010 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2010, 15 per cent of Tanzanian women had undergone female genital mutilation (FGM)[20]:page 295 and 72 per cent of Tanzanian men had been circumcised.[20]:page 230 FGM is most common in the Manyara, Dodoma, Arusha, and Singida regions and nonexistent in Zanzibar.[20]:page 296 The prevalence of male circumcision was above 90 per cent in the eastern[19] (Dar es Salaam, Pwani, and Morogoro regions), northern (Kilimanjaro, Tanga, Arusha, and Manyara regions), and central areas (Dodoma and Singida regions) and below 50 per cent only in the southern highlands zone (Mbeya, Iringa, and Rukwa regions).[20]:pages 6, 230

2012 data showed that 53 per cent of the population used improved drinking water sources (defined as a source that "by nature of its construction and design, is likely to protect the source from outside contamination, in particular from faecal matter") and 12 per cent used improved sanitation facilities (defined as facilities that "likely hygienically separates human excreta from human contact" but not including facilities shared with other households or open to public use).[51]

Women[සංස්කරණය]

Tanzanian women harvesting tea leaves
ප්‍රධාන ලිපිය: Women in Tanzania

Women and men have equality before the law.[52] The government signed the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) in 1985.[52] Nearly 3 out of ten females reported having experienced sexual violence before the age of 18. [52] The prevalence of female genital mutilation has decreased.[52] School girls are reinstated back to school after delivery.[52] The Police Force administration strives to separate the Gender Desks from normal police operations to enhance confidentiality of the processing of women victims of abuse.[52] Most of the abuses and violence against women and children occurs at the family level.[52] The Constitution of Tanzania requires that women constitute at least 30% of all elected members of National Assembly.[52] The gender differences in education and training have implications later in life of these women and girls.[52] Unemployment is higher for females than for males.[52] The right of a female employee to maternity leave is guaranteed in labour law.[52]

යොමු කිරීම්[සංස්කරණය]

  1. ↑ "World Population Prospects 2022". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. සම්ප්‍රවේශය July 17, 2022.
  2. ↑ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX). population.un.org ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. සම්ප්‍රවේශය July 17, 2022.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Population Distribution by Administrative Areas, 2012 Population and Housing Census, National Bureau of Statistics, United Republic of Tanzania, 2013".
  4. ↑ "Tanzania in figures 2012" (PDF). National Bureau of Statistics, Tanzania. ජූනි 2013. p. 7. 26 නොවැම්බර් 2013 දින මුල් පිටපත (PDF) වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 19 පෙබරවාරි 2014.
  5. ↑ Joseph Lake (2013) "Economy" in Africa South of the Sahara, edited by Europa Publications and Iain Frame, Routledge. ISBN 1-85743-659-8
  6. ↑ Athuman Mtulya (26 September 2013) "Report reveals rapid rural -urban migration" සංරක්ෂණය කළ පිටපත 10 ජූලි 2018 at the Wayback Machine. thecitizen.co.tz.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 2012 Census General Report. nbs.go.tz. March 2013
  8. ↑ "Child mortality in Tanzania".[permanent dead link]
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Levinson, David (1998). Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook. Oryx Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-57356-019-1.
  10. ↑ Otiso, Kefa M. (2013). Culture and Customs of Tanzania. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-08708-0.
  11. ↑ "Tanzania (06/02)". U.S. Department of State. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 17 ජනවාරි 2017.
  12. ↑ "Tanzania orders Chinese out of Dar es Salaam market". BBC News. 7 January 2011. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 19 February 2014.
  13. ↑ "Unveiling Zanzibar's unhealed wounds". BBC News. 25 July 2009.
  14. ↑ "Tanzania (08/09)". U.S. Department of State. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 19 පෙබරවාරි 2014.
  15. ↑ "Living in fear: Tanzania's albinos". BBC News.
  16. ↑ "Tanzanian witch doctors arrested over albino killing". BBC News.
  17. ↑ "UN's Navi Pillay condemns Tanzania attacks on albinos". BBC News.
  18. ↑ "Report: Scores of albinos in hiding after attacks". CNN. 29 November 2009
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Albino teen attacked for her body parts – CNN Video". 9 October 2015.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2010, National Bureau of Statistics, Tanzania Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, April 2011
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Tanzania". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 29 September 2021.
  22. ↑ Liviga, Athumani; Tumbo-Masabo, Zubeda (2006). "Muslims in Tanzania: Quest for Equal Footing". In Rwekaza S. Mukandala; S. Yahya-Othman; S.S. Mushi; L. Ndumbaro (eds.). Justice, Rights and Worship: Religion and Politics in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: E & D Limited. pp. 149–150. ISBN 9987411312.
  23. ↑ Masanja, Patrick; Lawi, Yussuf (2006). "African Traditional Religion in Contemporary Tanzanian Society". In Mukandala, Rwekaza S.; Yahya-Othman, S.; Mushi, S.S.; Ndumbaro, L. (eds.). In Justice Rights and Worship: Religion and Politics in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: E & D Limited. pp. 97–114. ISBN 9987411312.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "National/Regional Profiles: Religion Indexes Tanzania". Association of Religion Data Archives. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 7 December 2023.
  25. ↑ Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  26. ↑ "Tanzania – International Religious Freedom Report 2007". United States Department of State. 14 September 2007. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 7 December 2023.
  27. ↑ Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life (2010). "Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa". PEW. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 21 January 2020.
  28. ↑ Sundkler, Bengt; Steed, Christopher (2000). A History of the Church in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 1013. ISBN 978-0521583428.
  29. ↑ Fischer, Moritz (2011). ""The Spirit helps us in our weakness": Charismatization of Worldwide Christianity and the Quest for an Appropriate Pneumatology with Focus on the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania". Journal of Pentecostal Theology. 20: 96–121. doi:10.1163/174552511X554573.
  30. ↑ "Tanzania – International Religious Freedom Report 2008". United States Department of State. 19 September 2008. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 7 December 2023.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J. (2006). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1967. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1.
  32. ↑ "Tanzania Profile". Tanzania.go.tz. Tanzanian Government. 2 අගෝස්තු 2017 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 23 ජූලි 2017.
  33. ↑ "Tanzania Ditches English In Education Overhaul Plan". AFK Insider. 17 February 2015. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 23 February 2015.
  34. ↑ Joshua A. Fishman Distinguished University Research Professor of Social Sciences Yeshiva University (Emeritus) (2001). Handbook of Language & Ethnic Identity. Oxford University Press. pp. 361–. ISBN 978-0-19-976139-5.
  35. ↑ Winks, Quintin (2011). Tanzania – Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture. Kuperard. pp. 145–. ISBN 978-1-85733-625-2.
  36. ↑ Baker, Colin; Sylvia Prys Jones (1998). Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education. Multilingual Matters. pp. 367–. ISBN 978-1-85359-362-8.
  37. ↑ Grosjean, François (1982). Life with Two Languages: An Introduction to Bilingualism. Harvard University Press. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-0-674-53092-8.
  38. ↑ Brenzinger, Matthias (1992). Language Death: Factual and Theoretical Explorations with Special Reference to East Africa. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 86–. ISBN 978-3-11-013404-9.
  39. ↑ Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 2010. pp. 1026–. ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4.
  40. ↑ Henry R.T. Muzale; Rugemalira, Josephat M. (June 2008). "Researching and Documenting the Languages of Tanzania" (PDF). Language Documentation and Conservation. 2 (1): 68–108.
  41. ↑ Blench, Roger (2006). Archaeology, Language, and the African Past. Rowman Altamira. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-7591-1421-0.
  42. ↑ "Iraqw". Ethnologue.
  43. ↑ "Adult literacy rate, population 15+ years (both sexes, female, male)". UIS Data Centre. UNESCO. 27 November 2016. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 9 June 2022.
  44. ↑ "2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor" (PDF). U.S. Department of Labor. 27 June 2017 දින මුල් පිටපත (PDF) වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 23 September 2017.
  45. ↑ "UNESCO United Republic of Tanzania". uis.unesco.org (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). UNESCO. 2020. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 9 June 2022.
  46. ↑ Ilomo, C.S. "The history and work of Tanzania Library Service 1963–80. In Aspects of African Librarianship: A Collection of Writings; Wise, M., Ed.; Mansell Publishing Limited: London, U.K., 1985; 98–153.
  47. ↑ Mcharazo AA, Olden A.(2016) "Fifty years of Tanzania's national/public library service." Alexandria. (2):136-144.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 "United Republic of Tanzania: Health Profile" (PDF). World Health Organization. May 2014. 26 October 2013 දින මුල් පිටපත (PDF) වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 15 October 2014.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "World Health Statistics" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2013. 23 ඔක්තෝබර් 2014 දින මුල් පිටපත (PDF) වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 15 ඔක්තෝබර් 2014.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 "Focus on Mainland Tanzania", Roll Back Malaria Progress & Impact Series, The Roll Back Malaria Partnership, January 2012, accessed 19 October 2014 සංරක්ෂණය කළ පිටපත 12 මාර්තු 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  51. ↑ "Global Health Observatory Data Repository". World Health Organization.
  52. ↑ 52.00 52.01 52.02 52.03 52.04 52.05 52.06 52.07 52.08 52.09 52.10 "Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention, Seventh and eighth periodic reports of States parties due in 2014 : United Republic of Tanzania". UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). 3 December 2014. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 17 October 2017.
"https://si.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ටැන්සානියාවේ_ජනවිකාසය&oldid=679980" වෙතින් සම්ප්‍රවේශනය කෙරිණි