උදවු:IPA/Tamil

මෙම පිටුව තුළ Indic text අන්තර්ගත ය. නිසි ප්‍රදර්ශන සහාය නොමැති විට, ඔබට question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text වෙනුවට දිස්වනු ඇත.

මෙම පිටුව තුළ ධ්වනි ප්‍රතිලේඛනය සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්වනි අකාරාදිය (IPA) භාවිතා වේ. IPA සංකේත පිළිබඳ මාර්ගෝපදේශයක් සඳහා, උදව්:IPA බලන්න. මෙහි [ ], / / සහ ⟨ ⟩ අතර වෙනස්කම දැන ගැනීමට, IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters බලන්න.

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Tamil pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. Tamil has phonological process by which voiceless plosives are altered to their respective voiced sounds because of their position in a word (word initial versus word medial) or presence of preceding vowel sounds. See Tamil phonology for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Tamil.

Key

The vowels table is arranged according to Tamil script's order. The consonants table is arranged mostly according to Tamil script's order (consonants-voiceless, voiced, with their corresponding nasal) and at the end 'r' and 'l' sounds are grouped differently for contrasting. The ayudha eluttu, 'ஃ' usually grouped with vowels, is attached to the consonants table here for easily showing its use.

Consonants
IPA^[1]	Tamil script^[1]	ISO 15919^[1]	Examples	English approximation
k	க^[2]^[3]	k	கால், மக்கள், கற்க	skate
ɡ	க^[2]^[4]	k	அங்கே, பாகு	gate
h^[5]	க^[6]	k	-	heat
ŋ	ங	ṅ	அங்கே, அங்ஙனம்	song
t͡ʃ	ச^[2]^[3]	c	சின்ன, பேச்சு, கட்சி	catch
d͡ʑ^[7]	ச^[2]^[4]	c	இஞ்சி	hedge
s^[8]	ச^[9]	c	பாசம்	like "s" in sum
ɲ	ஞ	ñ	ஞானம், அஞ்ஞானம், இஞ்சி.	piñata, canyon
ʈ	ட^[2]^[3]	ṭ	பட்டு	like "t" in stable, but with the tongue curled back
ɖ	ட^[2]^[4]	ṭ	வண்டி, படி	similar to "d" in dot, but with the tongue curled back
ɽ	ட	ṭ	-	like "r" in Spanish (Paraguay) perder, with the tongue curled back
ɳ	ண	ṇ	வண்டி, வண்ணம்	similar to "n" in not, but with the tongue curled back
t̪	த^[2]^[3]	t	தனி, பத்து, யுக்தி	like touch, but with the tongue touching the back of the front teeth
d̪	த^[2]^[4]	t	பந்து	similar to do, but with the tongue touching the back of the front teeth
ð	த^[10]	t	நல்லது	other
n̪	ந	n	நயம், பந்து , நன்றி, எந்நன்றி	similar to "n" in net, but with the tongue touching the back of the front teeth
p	ப^[2]^[3]	p	பத்து, அப்பன், விற்பனை	spy
b	ப^[2]^[4]	p	தம்பி, ஆபத்து, அன்பு	band
m	ம	m	மலை, அம்மாள், தம்பி, வண்ணம்	much
r	ற^[11]	ṟ	கறி, பற்றினார், பன்றி	(when not doubled, not after its nasal) trilled r
n	ன	ṉ	பன்றி, சின்ன, வந்தான்	not
ɾ̪	ர	r	கரி, பரி, (இரவி), வந்தார்	like "r" in three (Scottish English) or Spanish caro, but with the tongue touching the back of the front teeth
l̪	ல	l	வலி, வல்லி, (இலங்கை), வந்தால்	similar to "l" in let, but with the tongue touching the back of the front teeth
ɭ	ள	ḷ	வளி, வள்ளி, வந்தாள்	similar to "l" in let, but with the tongue curled back
ɻ	ழ	ḻ	வழி	like "r" in rotten, but with the tongue curled back
j	ய	y	யானை, உய்ய	yak
ʋ	வ	v	வழி, அவ்வழி	between w and v; Dutch wang
x	ஃ	ḵ	எஃகு, அஃறிணை	guttural "ch", as in Scottish loch or German Bach

Vowels
IPA	Tamil script	ISO 15919	Example (meaning)	English approximation
a	அ, க	a	கல் (stone)	nut
aː	ஆ, கா	ā	கால் (leg)	bra
i	இ, கி	i	கிரி (mountain)	dill
iː	ஈ, கீ	ī	கீரி (mongoose)	feet
u	உ, கு	u	குடம் (pot)	look
ɯ	உ	u	-	good
uː	ஊ, கூ	ū	கூடம் (hall)	loot
e	எ, கெ	e	கெடு (time limit)	yell
eː	ஏ, கே	ē	கேடு (destruction)	Yale
aɪ̯	ஐ, கை	ai	கைது (arrest)	kite
o	ஒ, கொ	o	கொடு (give)	erode
oː	ஓ, கோ	ō	கோடு (a line drawn)	old
aʊ̯	ஔ, கௌ	au	கௌதாரி (a type of bird)	somewhat like house
̃	-ம, -ன	-	-	nasal vowel ([ãː], [õː], etc.)

Suprasegmentals
IPA	English equivalent
ˈ◌	stress (placed before stressed syllable)
◌ː	doubled consonant (placed after doubled consonant)

IPA^[1]	Grantha consonants in Tamil^[12]^[1]	ISO 15919^[1]	Examples	English approximation
d͡ʑ,^[7] d͡ʒ^[7]	ஜ^[13]	j	ஜானகி	hedge
h^[5]	ஹ	h	ஹரி	heat
s^[8]	ஸ	s	ஸந்தியா	sum
ʂ	ஷ	ṣ	உஷா	assure (strong s; no h sound) with tongue curled back
[kʂ]	க்ஷ	kṣ	காமாக்ஷி	(conjunct of 'k' & 'ṣ')
ɕ, ʃ	ஶ	ś	ஶிவா	sheep; shoe (light s with h sound)

IPA^[1]	Ligature in Tamil	ISO 15919^[1]	Examples	English approximation
[ɕɾ̪iː], [ʃɾ̪iː]	(ஸ்ரீ)	śrī	ஸ்ரீ	(conjunct of 'ś' & 'r' with vowel ī )

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h In the compound letter series beginning with க, compound க is consonant க் with vowel அ; 'ka' is 'k' with 'a'. Thus the compound letter 'க' has the inherent vowel 'அ', giving 'க' without added vowel sign using diacritics. (The consonant sign called 'pulli' "்", the dot on top of the letter 'க' is removed). But the IPA, ISO 15919 shown here have the consonant 'k' only & do not include the vowel 'a'.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j
The Tamil script does not have distinct letters for voiced and unvoiced stop, although both are present in the spoken language as allophones—i.e., they are in complementary distribution^{[S 1]} and the places they can occur do not intersect.
- For the consonants க, ச, ட, த, ப (in the order of velar, palatal, retroflex, dental, labial) ; the voiceless are /k, t͡ʃ, ʈ, t̪, p/; they become voiced as /g, d͡ʑ, ɖ, d̪, b/ respectively.^{[S 1]}
- The voiceless [k] occurs at the beginning of words, as the first letter of a word (/k/ in கல் /kal/ stone); the voiced [g] cannot.^{[S 1]} ( கனி /kani/, சின்ன /t͡ʃinna/, தனி /t̪ani/, பனி /pani/) .
- In the middle of words, the voiceless commonly occur as a geminated pair like /-kk-/ or /kː/ (அக்காள், /akːaːɭ/, elder sister); while the voiced usually do not.^{[S 1]} (பாக்கு /paːkːu/, ஆச்சி /aːt͡ʃːi/, காட்டு /kaːʈːu/, கத்து /kat̪ːu/, அப்பா /apːaː/).
- Only the voiced occur after a vowel.^{[S 1]} (The stops க, ட, த, ப; become voiced as /g, ɖ, d̪, b/ respectively after a vowel as in பாகு /paːgu/, காடு /kaːɖu/, காது /kaːd̪u/, ஆபத்து /aːbat̪ːu/.)
- Only the voiced occur after its corresponding nasal.^{[S 1]} (The consonants க, ச, ட, த, ப; become voiced as /g, d͡ʑ, ɖ, d̪, b/ respectively after their corresponding nasals. ங, ஞ, ண, ந, ம; spoken as /ŋ, ɲ, ɳ, n̪, m/ respectively in பங்கு /paŋgu/, கஞ்சி /kaɲd͡ʑi/, கண்டு /kaɳɖu/, பந்து /pan̪d̪u/, காம்பு /kaːmbu/ ).
- The retroflex ட ( /ʈ, ɖ/) does not occur in the word-initial position.^{[S 1]}
- The rule is identical for all stop consonants and these rules are largely followed even today in pronouncing Centamil. But the pronunciation of the letter ச differs: that is, ⟨c⟩ is spoken as /s/ in 'sum' in the intervocalic position^{[S 1]} (/s/ in பாசம் /paːsam/ meaning caring) and not preceded by stop consonant^{[S 1]} (e.g. /t͡ʃ/ in கட்சி /kaʈˈt͡ʃi/ political party; geminate /t͡ʃ:/ in கச்சி /kaˈt͡ʃ:i/ name of a city ) or permitted soft consonant^{[S 1]} ( /d͡ʑ/ in கஞ்சி, /kaɲˈd͡ʑi/ meaning gruel). The rule(s) that may not be followed widely- the pronunciation of the letter ச, ⟨c⟩ as /t͡ʃ/ at the beginning of a word, instead in colloquial Tamil called "Koduntamil", in some words ச may be spoken as /s/ in 'sum' in the word initial position ( / t͡ʃ/ in சின்ன /t͡ʃinna/ compare to /s/ in /sinna/ ).
Thus both the voiced and voiceless stop consonants can be represented by the same script in Tamil without ambiguity, the script denoting only the place and broad manner of articulation (stop, nasal, etc.). The Tholkāppiyam, Nannool gave detailed rules as to when a letter is to be pronounced with voice and when it is to be pronounced unvoiced. But for loanwords^{[S 1]} from Indo-Aryan like Sanskrit, Hindi; Perso-Arabic and English loan words, when they are pronounced in Tamil according to their original languages, the consonants which should be unvoiced according to the Tholkāppiyam's and Nannool's rules; may become voiced.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Voiceless consonants,^{[S 1]} as a first letter of a word or when preceded by stop consonants. Voiceless stops occur as geminate or doubled consonant. For the consonants க, ச, ட, த, ப; the voiceless are /k, t͡ʃ, ʈ, t̪, p/. (The voiced are /g, d͡ʑ, ɖ, d̪, b/ respectively). The retroflex ட ( /ʈ, ɖ/) does not occur in the word-initial position.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Voiced consonants^{[S 1]} only when preceded by a nasal consonant or when not preceded by a stop consonant. Voiced occur after a vowel and do not occur as geminate or double consonant. Never word-initial. The consonants க, ச, ட, த, ப become voiced as /g, d͡ʑ, ɖ, d̪, b/; whereas the voiceless are /k, t͡ʃ, ʈ, t̪, p/ respectively. The retroflex ட ( /ʈ, ɖ/) does not occur in the word-initial position.
^ ^a ^b The Grantha consonant 'ஹ' used in Tamil, exclusively represents the phonetic [h].
^ The letter க is spoken like /h/ in heat, only as an intervocalic in colloquial speech; not when it appears as the first letter of a word.
^ ^a ^b ^c The Grantha consonant 'ஜ' used in Tamil, exclusively represents the phonetic /d͡ʑ/ and /d͡ʒ/ .
^ ^a ^b The Grantha consonant 'ஸ' used in Tamil, exclusively represents the phonetic [s].
^ The letter ச is spoken^{[S 1]} like /s/ in sum, when it occurs intervocalically (/s/ in பாசம் /paːsam/ meaning caring) and not preceded by stop consonant (e.g. /t͡ʃ/ in கட்சி /kaʈˈt͡ʃi/ political party; geminate /t͡ʃ:/ in கச்சி /kaˈt͡ʃ:i/ name of a city ) or permitted soft consonant ( /d͡ʑ/ in கஞ்சி, /kaɲˈd͡ʑi/ meaning gruel).
^ The letter த is spoken like "th" in other using [ð] only when preceded by a nasal consonant or not preceded by a stop consonant
^
The pronunciation of 'ற' ⟨ṟ⟩ after corresponding nasal consonant; as geminate or doubled consonant is explained below:
- Example: In the word ஒன்று /oɳɖɾu/ 'ற' after corresponding nasal 'ன'; 'ன்ற' is spoken as /ɳɖɾ/ ^{[S 1]} and not /nr/.
- Example: In the word பற்றி /pəʈʈɾi/ 'ற' doubled or geminate is spoken as /ʈʈɾ/ and not /rr/.
^ The Tamil speech has incorporated many phonemes which were not part of the Tolkāppiyam, Nannool classification. The letters used to write some of these sounds are the Grantha consonants from Grantha script.
^ This letter ஜ does not belong to Tamil script, but is widely accepted as an ad-hoc from Grantha script (See Usage of Grantha consonants in Tamil script). (This sound may be replaced by ச, as in /s/ in pure Tamil, which is not an accurate phonetic representation).

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Keane (2004)

Bibliography

Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 111–116,
doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549

External links

Tamil to IPA converter : Free online tool to convert Tamil text to IPA phonetic transcription.

[inherentv-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h In the compound letter series beginning with க, compound க is consonant க் with vowel அ; 'ka' is 'k' with 'a'. Thus the compound letter 'க' has the inherent vowel 'அ', giving 'க' without added vowel sign using diacritics. (The consonant sign called 'pulli' "்", the dot on top of the letter 'க' is removed). But the IPA, ISO 15919 shown here have the consonant 'k' only & do not include the vowel 'a'.

[complementary-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j The Tamil script does not have distinct letters for voiced and unvoiced stop, although both are present in the spoken language as allophones—i.e., they are in complementary distribution^{[S 1]} and the places they can occur do not intersect.
For the consonants க, ச, ட, த, ப (in the order of velar, palatal, retroflex, dental, labial) ; the voiceless are /k, t͡ʃ, ʈ, t̪, p/; they become voiced as /g, d͡ʑ, ɖ, d̪, b/ respectively.^{[S 1]}

The voiceless [k] occurs at the beginning of words, as the first letter of a word (/k/ in கல் /kal/ stone); the voiced [g] cannot.^{[S 1]} ( கனி /kani/, சின்ன /t͡ʃinna/, தனி /t̪ani/, பனி /pani/) .

In the middle of words, the voiceless commonly occur as a geminated pair like /-kk-/ or /kː/ (அக்காள், /akːaːɭ/, elder sister); while the voiced usually do not.^{[S 1]} (பாக்கு /paːkːu/, ஆச்சி /aːt͡ʃːi/, காட்டு /kaːʈːu/, கத்து /kat̪ːu/, அப்பா /apːaː/).

Only the voiced occur after a vowel.^{[S 1]} (The stops க, ட, த, ப; become voiced as /g, ɖ, d̪, b/ respectively after a vowel as in பாகு /paːgu/, காடு /kaːɖu/, காது /kaːd̪u/, ஆபத்து /aːbat̪ːu/.)

Only the voiced occur after its corresponding nasal.^{[S 1]} (The consonants க, ச, ட, த, ப; become voiced as /g, d͡ʑ, ɖ, d̪, b/ respectively after their corresponding nasals. ங, ஞ, ண, ந, ம; spoken as /ŋ, ɲ, ɳ, n̪, m/ respectively in பங்கு /paŋgu/, கஞ்சி /kaɲd͡ʑi/, கண்டு /kaɳɖu/, பந்து /pan̪d̪u/, காம்பு /kaːmbu/ ).

The retroflex ட ( /ʈ, ɖ/) does not occur in the word-initial position.^{[S 1]}

The rule is identical for all stop consonants and these rules are largely followed even today in pronouncing Centamil. But the pronunciation of the letter ச differs: that is, ⟨c⟩ is spoken as /s/ in 'sum' in the intervocalic position^{[S 1]} (/s/ in பாசம் /paːsam/ meaning caring) and not preceded by stop consonant^{[S 1]} (e.g. /t͡ʃ/ in கட்சி /kaʈˈt͡ʃi/ political party; geminate /t͡ʃ:/ in கச்சி /kaˈt͡ʃ:i/ name of a city ) or permitted soft consonant^{[S 1]} ( /d͡ʑ/ in கஞ்சி, /kaɲˈd͡ʑi/ meaning gruel). The rule(s) that may not be followed widely- the pronunciation of the letter ச, ⟨c⟩ as /t͡ʃ/ at the beginning of a word, instead in colloquial Tamil called "Koduntamil", in some words ச may be spoken as /s/ in 'sum' in the word initial position ( / t͡ʃ/ in சின்ன /t͡ʃinna/ compare to /s/ in /sinna/ ).
Thus both the voiced and voiceless stop consonants can be represented by the same script in Tamil without ambiguity, the script denoting only the place and broad manner of articulation (stop, nasal, etc.). The Tholkāppiyam, Nannool gave detailed rules as to when a letter is to be pronounced with voice and when it is to be pronounced unvoiced. But for loanwords^{[S 1]} from Indo-Aryan like Sanskrit, Hindi; Perso-Arabic and English loan words, when they are pronounced in Tamil according to their original languages, the consonants which should be unvoiced according to the Tholkāppiyam's and Nannool's rules; may become voiced.

[3] For the consonants க, ச, ட, த, ப (in the order of velar, palatal, retroflex, dental, labial) ; the voiceless are /k, t͡ʃ, ʈ, t̪, p/; they become voiced as /g, d͡ʑ, ɖ, d̪, b/ respectively.^{[S 1]}

[4] The voiceless [k] occurs at the beginning of words, as the first letter of a word (/k/ in கல் /kal/ stone); the voiced [g] cannot.^{[S 1]} ( கனி /kani/, சின்ன /t͡ʃinna/, தனி /t̪ani/, பனி /pani/) .

[5] In the middle of words, the voiceless commonly occur as a geminated pair like /-kk-/ or /kː/ (அக்காள், /akːaːɭ/, elder sister); while the voiced usually do not.^{[S 1]} (பாக்கு /paːkːu/, ஆச்சி /aːt͡ʃːi/, காட்டு /kaːʈːu/, கத்து /kat̪ːu/, அப்பா /apːaː/).

[6] Only the voiced occur after a vowel.^{[S 1]} (The stops க, ட, த, ப; become voiced as /g, ɖ, d̪, b/ respectively after a vowel as in பாகு /paːgu/, காடு /kaːɖu/, காது /kaːd̪u/, ஆபத்து /aːbat̪ːu/.)

[7] Only the voiced occur after its corresponding nasal.^{[S 1]} (The consonants க, ச, ட, த, ப; become voiced as /g, d͡ʑ, ɖ, d̪, b/ respectively after their corresponding nasals. ங, ஞ, ண, ந, ம; spoken as /ŋ, ɲ, ɳ, n̪, m/ respectively in பங்கு /paŋgu/, கஞ்சி /kaɲd͡ʑi/, கண்டு /kaɳɖu/, பந்து /pan̪d̪u/, காம்பு /kaːmbu/ ).

[8] The retroflex ட ( /ʈ, ɖ/) does not occur in the word-initial position.^{[S 1]}

[9] The rule is identical for all stop consonants and these rules are largely followed even today in pronouncing Centamil. But the pronunciation of the letter ச differs: that is, ⟨c⟩ is spoken as /s/ in 'sum' in the intervocalic position^{[S 1]} (/s/ in பாசம் /paːsam/ meaning caring) and not preceded by stop consonant^{[S 1]} (e.g. /t͡ʃ/ in கட்சி /kaʈˈt͡ʃi/ political party; geminate /t͡ʃ:/ in கச்சி /kaˈt͡ʃ:i/ name of a city ) or permitted soft consonant^{[S 1]} ( /d͡ʑ/ in கஞ்சி, /kaɲˈd͡ʑi/ meaning gruel). The rule(s) that may not be followed widely- the pronunciation of the letter ச, ⟨c⟩ as /t͡ʃ/ at the beginning of a word, instead in colloquial Tamil called "Koduntamil", in some words ச may be spoken as /s/ in 'sum' in the word initial position ( / t͡ʃ/ in சின்ன /t͡ʃinna/ compare to /s/ in /sinna/ ).

[voicelessc-4] Voiceless consonants,^{[S 1]} as a first letter of a word or when preceded by stop consonants. Voiceless stops occur as geminate or doubled consonant. For the consonants க, ச, ட, த, ப; the voiceless are /k, t͡ʃ, ʈ, t̪, p/. (The voiced are /g, d͡ʑ, ɖ, d̪, b/ respectively). The retroflex ட ( /ʈ, ɖ/) does not occur in the word-initial position.

[voicedc-5] Voiced consonants^{[S 1]} only when preceded by a nasal consonant or when not preceded by a stop consonant. Voiced occur after a vowel and do not occur as geminate or double consonant. Never word-initial. The consonants க, ச, ட, த, ப become voiced as /g, d͡ʑ, ɖ, d̪, b/; whereas the voiceless are /k, t͡ʃ, ʈ, t̪, p/ respectively. The retroflex ட ( /ʈ, ɖ/) does not occur in the word-initial position.

[hgrantha-6] The Grantha consonant 'ஹ' used in Tamil, exclusively represents the phonetic [h].

[7] The letter க is spoken like /h/ in heat, only as an intervocalic in colloquial speech; not when it appears as the first letter of a word.

[jgrantha-8] The Grantha consonant 'ஜ' used in Tamil, exclusively represents the phonetic /d͡ʑ/ and /d͡ʒ/ .

[sgrantha-9] The Grantha consonant 'ஸ' used in Tamil, exclusively represents the phonetic [s].

[lettercjs-10] The letter ச is spoken^{[S 1]} like /s/ in sum, when it occurs intervocalically (/s/ in பாசம் /paːsam/ meaning caring) and not preceded by stop consonant (e.g. /t͡ʃ/ in கட்சி /kaʈˈt͡ʃi/ political party; geminate /t͡ʃ:/ in கச்சி /kaˈt͡ʃ:i/ name of a city ) or permitted soft consonant ( /d͡ʑ/ in கஞ்சி, /kaɲˈd͡ʑi/ meaning gruel).

[11] The letter த is spoken like "th" in other using [ð] only when preceded by a nasal consonant or not preceded by a stop consonant

[12] The pronunciation of 'ற' ⟨ṟ⟩ after corresponding nasal consonant; as geminate or doubled consonant is explained below:
Example: In the word ஒன்று /oɳɖɾu/ 'ற' after corresponding nasal 'ன'; 'ன்ற' is spoken as /ɳɖɾ/ ^{[S 1]} and not /nr/.

Example: In the word பற்றி /pəʈʈɾi/ 'ற' doubled or geminate is spoken as /ʈʈɾ/ and not /rr/.

[19] Example: In the word ஒன்று /oɳɖɾu/ 'ற' after corresponding nasal 'ன'; 'ன்ற' is spoken as /ɳɖɾ/ ^{[S 1]} and not /nr/.

[20] Example: In the word பற்றி /pəʈʈɾi/ 'ற' doubled or geminate is spoken as /ʈʈɾ/ and not /rr/.

[granthac-13] The Tamil speech has incorporated many phonemes which were not part of the Tolkāppiyam, Nannool classification. The letters used to write some of these sounds are the Grantha consonants from Grantha script.

[14] This letter ஜ does not belong to Tamil script, but is widely accepted as an ad-hoc from Grantha script (See Usage of Grantha consonants in Tamil script). (This sound may be replaced by ச, as in /s/ in pure Tamil, which is not an accurate phonetic representation).

[Keane2004-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Keane (2004)

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[S 1]

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