පාර්තියන් අධිරාජ්‍යය

පාර්තියන් අධිරාජ්‍යය
පාර්තියන් අධිරාජ්‍යය
247 BC–224 AD
	The Parthian Empire in 94 BC at its greatest extent, during the reign of Mithridates II (රා. 124 – 91)
අගනුවර	Ctesiphon, Ecbatana, Hecatompylos, Susa, Mithradatkirt, Asaak, Rhages
පොදු භාෂා(ව)	Parthian (official, court, literature); Greek (official); Aramaic (lingua franca);
ආගම	Zoroastrianism; Babylonian religion; Buddhism
රජය	Feudal monarchy
Monarch
• 247–211 BC	Arsaces I (first)
• 208–224 AD	Artabanus IV (last)
ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය	Megisthanes
Historical era	Classical antiquity
• Established	247 BC
• අහෝසි කළේ	224 AD
වර්ග ප්‍රමාණය
1 AD	2,800,000 km2 (1,100,000 sq mi)
ව්‍යවහාර මුදල	Drachma
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Seleucid Empire
Sasanian Empire

පාර්තියන් අධිරාජ්‍යය යනු පෙර පැවති අධිරාජ්‍යය කි.

නම[සංස්කරණය]

ඉංග්‍රීසි: Parthian Empire
- /ˈpɑrθiən/
ඉංග්‍රීසි: Arsacid Empire
- /ˈɑrsəsɪd/),^[12]

අමතර අවධානයට[සංස්කරණය]

සටහන්[සංස්කරණය]

↑ Fattah, Hala Mundhir (2009). A Brief History of Iraq. Infobase Publishing. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-8160-5767-2. One characteristic of the Parthians that the kings themselves maintained was their nomadic urge. The kings built or occupied numerous cities as their capitals, the most important being Ctesiphon on the Tigris River, which they built from the ancient town of Opis.
↑ Skjærvø 2004, පිටු අංක: 348–366.
↑ Canepa 2018, පිටු අංකය: 6.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Green 1992, p. 45
↑ Chyet, Michael L. (1997). Afsaruddin, Asma; Krotkoff, Georg; Zahniser, A. H. Mathias (eds.). Humanism, Culture, and Language in the Near East: Studies in Honor of Georg Krotkoff. Eisenbrauns. p. 284. ISBN 978-1-57506-020-0. In the Middle Persian period (Parthian and Sasanian Empires), Aramaic was the medium of everyday writing, and it provided scripts for writing Middle Persian, Parthian, Sogdian, and Khwarezmian.
↑ De Jong 2008, p. 24, "It is impossible to doubt that the Parthians were Zoroastrians. The evidence from the Nisa ostraca and the Parthian parchment from Avroman suffice to prove this, by the use of the Zoroastrian calendar, which was restricted in use, as it had been previously, to communication with Iranians only, yielding to the Seleucid calendar whenever the Parthians dealt with non-Zoroastrians. There are indications, however, that the practice of Zoroastrianism had reserved a large place for the cult of divine images, either those of ancestors in the Fravashi cult, or of deities, and for the existence of sanctuaries dedicated to named deities other than Ahura Mazda, and including deities that are of a non-Avestan background. The Parthian god Sasan is a case in point, but better evidence comes from Armenia, where alongside Aramazd and Anahit, Mher and Vahagn, the West Semitic god Barshamin, and Babylonian Nane were worshipped, as well as the Anatolian Tork and the goddess Astghik of disputed origins."
↑ Brosius 2006, p. 125, "The Parthians and the peoples of the Parthian empire were polytheistic. Each ethnic group, each city, and each land or kingdom was able to adhere to its own gods, their respective cults and religious rituals. In Babylon the city-god Marduk continued to be the main deity alongside the goddesses Ishtar and Nanai, while Hatra's main god, the sun-god Shamash, was revered alongside a multiplicity of other gods."
↑ Koshelenko & Pilipko 1996, p. 149-150, "Buddhism was practiced in the easternmost reaches of the Parthian Empire."
↑ Sheldon 2010, p. 231
↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (දෙසැම්බර් 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 223. ISSN 1076-156X. 17 සැප්තැම්බර් 2016 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 16 සැප්තැම්බර් 2016.
↑ Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 121. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
↑ From Greek Ἀρσάκης Arsakēs, from Parthian 𐭀𐭓𐭔𐭊 Aršak.

භාහිර සබැඳි[සංස්කරණය]

Various articles from Iran Chamber Society (Parthian Empire, The Art of Parthians, Parthian Army)
Parthia.com (a website featuring the history, geography, coins, arts and culture of ancient Parthia, including a bibliographic list of scholarly sources)

ඛණ්ඩාංක: 33°05′37″N 44°34′51″E / 33.09361°N 44.58083°E / 33.09361; 44.58083

මෙම ලිපිය තවමත් අංකුර ලිපියකි. විකිපීඩියාවට උදවුවක් ලෙසින් ඔබ හට එය විහිදුවාලිය හැක.

[IP-1] Fattah, Hala Mundhir (2009). A Brief History of Iraq. Infobase Publishing. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-8160-5767-2. One characteristic of the Parthians that the kings themselves maintained was their nomadic urge. The kings built or occupied numerous cities as their capitals, the most important being Ctesiphon on the Tigris River, which they built from the ancient town of Opis.

[FOOTNOTESkjærvø2004348–366-2] Skjærvø 2004, පිටු අංක: 348–366.

[FOOTNOTECanepa20186-3] Canepa 2018, පිටු අංකය: 6.

[Green_1992_45-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Green 1992, p. 45

[5] Chyet, Michael L. (1997). Afsaruddin, Asma; Krotkoff, Georg; Zahniser, A. H. Mathias (eds.). Humanism, Culture, and Language in the Near East: Studies in Honor of Georg Krotkoff. Eisenbrauns. p. 284. ISBN 978-1-57506-020-0. In the Middle Persian period (Parthian and Sasanian Empires), Aramaic was the medium of everyday writing, and it provided scripts for writing Middle Persian, Parthian, Sogdian, and Khwarezmian.

[6] De Jong 2008, p. 24, "It is impossible to doubt that the Parthians were Zoroastrians. The evidence from the Nisa ostraca and the Parthian parchment from Avroman suffice to prove this, by the use of the Zoroastrian calendar, which was restricted in use, as it had been previously, to communication with Iranians only, yielding to the Seleucid calendar whenever the Parthians dealt with non-Zoroastrians. There are indications, however, that the practice of Zoroastrianism had reserved a large place for the cult of divine images, either those of ancestors in the Fravashi cult, or of deities, and for the existence of sanctuaries dedicated to named deities other than Ahura Mazda, and including deities that are of a non-Avestan background. The Parthian god Sasan is a case in point, but better evidence comes from Armenia, where alongside Aramazd and Anahit, Mher and Vahagn, the West Semitic god Barshamin, and Babylonian Nane were worshipped, as well as the Anatolian Tork and the goddess Astghik of disputed origins."

[7] Brosius 2006, p. 125, "The Parthians and the peoples of the Parthian empire were polytheistic. Each ethnic group, each city, and each land or kingdom was able to adhere to its own gods, their respective cults and religious rituals. In Babylon the city-god Marduk continued to be the main deity alongside the goddesses Ishtar and Nanai, while Hatra's main god, the sun-god Shamash, was revered alongside a multiplicity of other gods."

[8] Koshelenko & Pilipko 1996, p. 149-150, "Buddhism was practiced in the easternmost reaches of the Parthian Empire."

[sheldon_2010_231-9] Sheldon 2010, p. 231

[Turchin223-10] Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (දෙසැම්බර් 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 223. ISSN 1076-156X. 17 සැප්තැම්බර් 2016 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 16 සැප්තැම්බර් 2016.

[Taagepera121-11] Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 121. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.

[12] From Greek Ἀρσάκης Arsakēs, from Parthian 𐭀𐭓𐭔𐭊 Aršak.

[13] Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

[14] W. Hallo; W. Simpson (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.

[15] "Rulers of Mesopotamia". cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.

[16] Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Getty Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.

[17] Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7.

[SKL-18] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Per Sumerian King List

[19] Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.

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v t e පාර්තියන් අධිරාජ්‍යය
Origins	Parni Dahae Parni conquest of Parthia
Dynasty	Armenia Iberia Caucasian Albania Chosroid Indo-Parthia
Noble clans	Seven Great Houses Ispahbudhan Karen Mihran Spandiyadh Suren Varaz Zik
Culture	Art Coinage Dress Language Music
Wars	Seleucid–Parthian Wars Battle of Ecbatana Roman–Parthian Wars Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 Antony's Atropatene campaign Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC Battle of Ctesiphon (165) Battle of Ctesiphon (198) Battle of Carrhae Battle of the Cilician Gates Battle of Mount Gindarus Battle of Amanus Pass Battle of Nisibis (217) Parthian war of Caracalla Armenian–Parthian War Bactrian–Parthian War
Related	Parthia Parthian army Parthian Dark Age Parthian shot Roman–Iranian relations
Lists	Parthian monarchs Rulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms