ප්රතිශක්තිවේදය
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ප්රතිශක්තිවේදය යනු ජෛව වෛද්යවේදයහි ශාඛාවක් වන අතර එමගින් සියළුම ජීවි විශේෂවල ප්රතිශක්තිකරණ පද්ධතිය පිළිබදව අධ්යයනය කෙරේ. එමගින් නිරෝගි සහ රෝගී අවස්තාවන්හි දී ප්රතිශක්තිකරණයෙහි භෞතික ක්රියාකාරිත්වය ප්රතිශක්තිකරණ රෝග වලදී (ස්වයං ප්රතිශක්තිකරණ රෝග, අධි අධ්යාත්මිකතා, ප්රතිශක්ති ඌණතා බද්ධ කල අවයව ප්රතික්ෂේප කිරීම) සහ ප්රතිශක්තීකරණ පද්ධතිය තුළ හා ඉන් පිටත රසායනික හා භෞතික ප්රතික්රියාවන් පිළිබදව හදාරයි. ප්රතිශක්තිකරණ විද්යාව වෛද්ය විද්යාව තුළ විවිධ යොදා ගැනීම් වල පාත්ර වී ඇත. තවද මෙය තවදුරටත් විවිද අංග වලට බෙදී පවතියි.
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[සංස්කරණය] Histological examination of the immune system
Even before the concept of immunity (from immunis, Latin for "exempt") was developed, numerous early physicians characterized organs that would later prove to be part of the immune system. The key primary lymphoid organs of the immune system are thymus and bone marrow, and secondary lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and skin. When health conditions warrant, immune system organs including the thymus, spleen, portions of bone marrow, lymph nodes and secondary lymphatic tissues can be surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive.
Many components of the immune system are actually cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body.
[සංස්කරණය] Classical immunology
Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time. Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenon, but it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries before the concept developed into scientific theory.
The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system, and acquired or adaptive immune system of vertebrates, the latter of which is further divided into humoral and cellular components.
The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells (B lymphocytes). Antigens are defined as anything that elicits generation of antibodies, hence they are Antibody Generators. Immunology itself rests on an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities. However, equally important is the cellular response, which can not only kill infected cells in its own right, but is also crucial in controlling the antibody response. Put simply, both systems are highly interdependent.
In the 21st century, immunology has broadened its horizons with much research being performed in the more specialized niches of immunology. This includes the immunological function of cells, organs and systems not normally associated with the immune system, as well as the function of the immune system outside classical models of immunity.
[සංස්කරණය] Clinical immunology
Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features.
The diseases caused by disorders of the immune system fall into two broad categories: immunodeficiency, in which parts of the immune system fail to provide an adequate response (examples include chronic granulomatous disease), and autoimmunity, in which the immune system attacks its own host's body (examples include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto's disease and myasthenia gravis). Other immune system disorders include different hypersensitivities, in which the system responds inappropriately to harmless compounds (asthma and other allergies) or responds too intensely.
The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, caused by HIV. AIDS is an immunodeficiency characterized by the lack of CD4+ ("helper") T cells and macrophages, which are destroyed by HIV.
Clinical immunologists also study ways to prevent transplant rejection, in which the immune system attempts to destroy allografts or xenografts.
[සංස්කරණය] Immunotherapy
- See main article Immunotherapy
The use of immune system components to treat a disease or disorder is known as immunotherapy. Immunotherapy is most commonly used in the context of the treatment of cancers together with chemotherapy (drugs) and radiotherapy (radiation). However, immunotherapy is also often used in the immunosuppressed (such as HIV patients) and people suffering from other immune deficiencies or autoimmune diseases.
[සංස්කරණය] Diagnostic immunology
- See main article Diagnostic immunology
The specificity of the bond between antibody and antigen has made it an excellent tool in the detection of substances in a variety of diagnostic techniques. Antibodies specific for a desired antigen can be conjugated with a radiolabel, fluorescent label, or color-forming enzyme and are used as a "probe" to detect it.
[සංස්කරණය] Evolutionary immunology
Study of the immune system in extant and extinct species is capable of giving us a key understanding of the evolution of species and the immune system.
A development of complexity of the immune system can be seen from simple phagocytotic protection of single celled organisms, to circulating antimicrobial peptides in insects to lymphoid organs in vertebrates. Of course, like much of evolutionary observation, these physical properties are often seen from the anthropocentric aspect. It should be recognized that every organism living today has an immune system absolutely capable of protecting it from most forms of harm; those organisms that did not adapt their immune systems to external threats are no longer around to be observed.
Insects and other arthropods, while not possessing true adaptive immunity, show highly evolved systems of innate immunity, and are additionally protected from external injury (and exposure to pathogens) by their chitinous shells.
[සංස්කරණය] See also
- Autoimmunity
- List of immunologists
- History of immunology
- Serology
- Immunodeficiency
- Medical technologist
- Osteoimmunology
[සංස්කරණය] References
- Wikibooks Immunology Textbook
- Goldsby RA, Kindt TK, Osborne BA and Kuby J (2003) Immunology, 5th Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, New York, ISBN 0-7167-4947-5
[සංස්කරණය] External links
- Research wiki Articles, Protocols and tools on Sci-Mate
- April the 29th - the annual Day of Immunology
- Annual Review of Immunology (journal home)
- BMC: Immunology- BioMed Central:Immunology is an open access journal publishing original peer-reviewed research articles.
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming" Institute of Immunology
- BRT-Burleson Research Technologies Tests the effects of pharmaceuticals in the developmental stage on the immune system.
- Janeway's Immunobiology textbook Searchable free online version at the National Center for Biotechnology Information
- MUGEN NoE murine models for immunological disease
- Nature Reviews Immunology (journal home)
- The Immunology Database and Analysis Portal - an NIAID-funded database resource of reference and experiment data covering the entire immunology domain
- Transplantation Immunology Interesting web site made by the faculty of medicine of the University of Geneva dealing with the immunological issues linked with the transplantation of materials genetically different between donor and recipient (hematopoietical stem cells, organs or the transfusion of blood).
- Online lectures in immunology University of South Carolina
- American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Medical specialty organization
[සංස්කරණය] References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunology
"This article has been translated from the English wikipedia by felidae, http://www.felidae.lk. The translated article has been reviewed by a panel of experts to ensure accuracy and quality. This initiative is sponsored by the Information and Communication Technology Agency of Sri Lanka (ICTA), http://www.icta.lk. Support and access to rural communities provided by Practical Action (formerly ITDG), http://practicalaction.org/?id=region_south_asia."
