"වියට්නාම් යුද්ධය" හි සංශෝධන අතර වෙනස්කම්

විකිපීඩියා වෙතින්
Content deleted Content added
නව ඡේද
ටැගය: 2017 source edit
තොරතුරුකොටුව
ටැගය: 2017 source edit
1 පේළිය: 1 පේළිය:
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Vietnam War<br />(Chiến tranh Việt Nam)
| partof = the [[Indochina Wars]] and the [[Cold War]]
| image = File:VNWarMontage.png
| image_size = 300px
| caption = '''Clockwise, from top left''': U.S. combat operations in [[Battle of Ia Drang|Ia Drang]], ARVN Rangers defending [[Battle of Saigon (1968)|Saigon]] during the 1968 [[Tet Offensive]], two [[Douglas A-4 Skyhawk|A-4C Skyhawks]] after the [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]], ARVN recapture [[Quảng Trị]] during the 1972 [[Easter Offensive]], civilians fleeing the [[First Battle of Quảng Trị|1972 Battle of Quảng Trị]], and burial of 300 victims of the 1968 [[Huế Massacre]].
| date = 1 November 1955{{refn|Due to the early presence of American troops in Vietnam the start date of the Vietnam War is a matter of debate. In 1998, after a high level review by the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] (DoD) and through the efforts of [[Richard B. Fitzgibbon, Jr.|Richard B. Fitzgibbon's]] family the start date of the Vietnam War according to the US government was officially changed to 1 November 1955.<ref name="DoD p. ">{{harvnb|DoD|1998|p=}}</ref> U.S. government reports currently cite 1 November 1955 as the commencement date of the "Vietnam Conflict", because this date marked when the U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) in Indochina (deployed to Southeast Asia under President Truman) was reorganized into country-specific units and MAAG Vietnam was established.<ref name = "Lawrence 2009 20">{{Harvnb|Lawrence|2009|p=20}}.</ref>

Other start dates include when Hanoi authorized Viet Cong forces in South Vietnam to begin a low-level [[insurgency]] in December 1956,<ref name = "Olson Roberts 1991 67">{{Harvnb|Olson|Roberts|1991|p=67}}.{{cnf|date=September 2013}}</ref> whereas some view 26 September 1959 when the first battle occurred between the Viet Cong and the South Vietnamese army, as the start date.<ref name="WarBegan">[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent14.htm Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960], The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 1, Chapter 5, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), Section 3, pp. 314–46; International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College.</ref>
| group="A"|name="start date"}}&nbsp;– {{End date|df=yes|1975|4|30}}<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=11|day1=1|year1=1955|month2=04|day2=30|year2=1975}})
| place = [[South Vietnam]], [[North Vietnam]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[South China Sea]], [[Gulf of Thailand]]
| causes = Reunification of Vietnam (North Vietnam)<br />[[Containment Policy]] and [[Domino Theory]], [[Gulf of Tonkin Incident]] (United States)
| territory = Reunification of North and South Vietnam into the [[Vietnam|Socialist Republic of Vietnam]].
| result = [[North Vietnam]]ese victory
* Withdrawal of [[United States Armed Forces|American-led forces]] from [[Indochina]]
* Communist governments take power in [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|South Vietnam]], [[Democratic Kampuchea|Cambodia]] and [[Laos]]
* [[Reunification of Vietnam|South Vietnam is annexed by North Vietnam]]
|
| combatant1 =
{{flag|South Vietnam}}<br />
{{flagdeco|United States}} [[Role of the United States in the Vietnam War|United States]]<br />
{{Flag|South Korea|1949}}<br />
{{flag|Thailand}}<br />
{{flag|Australia}}<br />
{{flag|Philippines|1936}}<br />
{{flag|New Zealand}}<br />
{{flag|Khmer Republic}}<br />
{{flag|Kingdom of Laos}}

'''Military support:'''<br />{{flagcountry|Taiwan}}<ref name="Moïse pp. 3-4">{{Harvnb|Moïse|1996|pp=3–4}}.</ref><ref name="ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM">{{cite web |url=http://www.psywarrior.com/AlliesRepublicVietnam.html |title=Allies of the Republic of Vietnam |accessdate=24 September 2011}}</ref><br />
{{Collapsible list
| bullets = yes
| title = Other support
|{{flag|Malaysia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/747/4/BAB3.pdf |title=Chapter Three: 1957–1969 Early Relations between Malaysia and Vietnam |publisher=[[University of Malaya]] Student Repository |accessdate=17 October 2015 |format=PDF |page=72}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2008/tunku.pdf |title=Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj (Profiles of Malaysia's Foreign Ministers) |publisher=Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR), [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)]] |year=2008 |accessdate=17 October 2015 |isbn=978-9832220268 |format=PDF |page=31 |quote=The Tunku had been personally responsible for Malaya's partisan support of the South Vietnamese regime in its fight against the Vietcong and, in reply to a Parliamentary question on 6 February 1962, he had listed all the used weapons and equipment of the Royal Malaya Police given to Saigon. These included a total of 45,707 single-barrel shotguns, 611 armoured cars and smaller numbers of carbines and pistols. Writing in 1975, he revealed that "we had clandestinely been giving 'aid' to Vietnam since early 1958. Published American archival sources now reveal that the actual Malaysian contributions to the war effort in Vietnam included the following: "over 5,000 Vietnamese officers trained in Malaysia; training of 150 U.S. soldiers in handling Tracker Dogs; a rather impressive list of military equipment and weapons given to Viet-Nam after the end of the Malaysian insurgency (for example, 641 armored personnel carriers, 56,000 shotguns); and a creditable amount of civil assistance (transportation equipment, cholera vaccine, and flood relief)". It is undeniable that the Government's policy of supporting the South Vietnamese regime with arms, equipment and training was regarded by some quarters, especially the Opposition parties, as a form of interfering in the internal affairs of that country and the Tunku's valiant efforts to defend it were not convincing enough, from a purely foreign policy standpoint. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016191310/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2008/tunku.pdf |archivedate=16 October 2015 |deadurl=no}}</ref>
|{{flagdeco|Spain|1945}} [[Francoist Spain|Spain]]<ref name="ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM"/>
| {{flag|Canada}}<ref name="ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM"/>
| {{flagdeco|Iran|1964}} [[Pahlavi dynasty|Iran]]<ref name="ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM"/>
| {{flag|West Germany}}<ref name="ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM"/>
| {{flag|Brazil|1968}}<ref name="auto">Weil, Thomas E. et. al. ''Area Handbook for Brazil'' (1975), p. 293</ref>
| {{flag|Japan|1870}}<ref name="ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM"/>
}}
|
| combatant2 =
{{flag|North Vietnam}}<br />
{{flagdeco|Republic of South Vietnam}} [[Viet Cong]]<br />
{{flagdeco|Cambodia|1975}} [[Khmer Rouge]]<br />
{{flagdeco|Laos}} [[Pathet Lao]]<br />
{{flag|China}}<br />
{{flag|North Korea}}<br /><br />
'''Military support:'''<br />{{flag|Soviet Union|1955}}<br />{{flag|Cuba}}<ref>''The Cuban Military Under Castro'', 1989. p. 76</ref><ref>Cuba in the World, 1979. p. 66</ref><br />
{{Collapsible list
| bullets = yes
| title = Other support
| {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.svet.czsk.net/clanky/svet/koreapokusy.html |title=Cesky a slovensky svet |publisher=Svet.czsk.net |accessdate=24 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-polis.cz/mezinarodni-vztahy/322-bilateralni-vztahy-ceske-republiky-a-vietnamske-socialisticke-republiky.html |title=Bilaterální vztahy České republiky a Vietnamské socialistické republiky &#124; Mezinárodní vztahy &#124; e-Polis – Internetový politologický časopis |publisher=E-polis.cz |accessdate=24 February 2014}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|Bulgaria|1967}} [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0066) |title=Foreign Affairs in the 1960s and 1970s |volume=Bulgaria [[Library of Congress Country Studies|Country Study]] |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |year=1992 |quote=Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Bulgaria gave official military support to many national liberation causes, most notably in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, (North Vietnam)…}}</ref>
| {{flag|East Germany}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/german_studies_review/v036/36.3.horten.pdf |title=Project MUSE – l Sailing in the Shadow of the Vietnam War: The GDR Government and the "Vietnam Bonus" of the Early 1970s |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/stasi-aid-and-the-modernization-the-vietnamese-secret-police|title=Stasi Aid and the Modernization of the Vietnamese Secret Police|date=20 August 2014|publisher=}}</ref>
| {{Flagicon|Romania|1965}} [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Crump|2015|p=183}}</ref>
|{{flag|Polish People's Republic|name=Poland}}<ref name="strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil">{{cite journal |last=Radvanyi |first=Janos |url=http://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/pubs/parameters/Articles/1980/1980%20radvanyi.pdf |title=Vietnam War Diplomacy: Reflections of a Former Iron Curtain Official |work=Paramaters: Journal of the US Army War College |location=Carlise Barracks, Pennsylvania |volume=10 |issue=3 |year=1980 |pages=8–15 |issn=}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungarian People's Republic|Hungary]]<ref name="strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil"/>| {{flag|Sweden}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historynet.com/why-did-sweeden-support-the-viet-cong.htm |title=Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong? |work=HistoryNet |date=25 July 2013| access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/sweden-announces-support-to-viet-cong |title=Sweden announces support to Viet Cong |work=HISTORY.com | access-date=20 July 2016 |quote=In Sweden, Foreign Minister Torsten Nilsson reveals that Sweden has been providing assistance to the Viet Cong, including some $550,000 worth of medical supplies. Similar Swedish aid was to go to Cambodian and Laotian civilians affected by the Indochinese fighting. This support was primarily humanitarian in nature and included no military aid.}}</ref>
}}
| strength1 = '''≈1,420,000 (1968)'''<br />
{{flagu|South Vietnam}}: 850,000 (1968)<br />1,500,000 (1974–75)<ref>Le Gro, p. 28.</ref><br />
{{flagu|United States}}: 543,000 (April 1969)<ref>{{cite book |last=Tucker |first=Spencer |title=The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History, 2nd Edition |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |isbn=978-1851099610 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=qh5lffww-KsC&pg=PR45&lpg=PR45&dq=peak+us+strength+vietnam+war#v=onepage&q=peak%20us%20strength%20vietnam%20war&f=false |page=xlv}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/mrc/reader/vvmcr.htm |title=Facts about the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Collection |publisher=nps.gov}} (citing The first American ground combat troops landed in [[South Vietnam]] during March 1965, specifically the U.S. Third Marine Regiment, Third Marine Division, deployed to Vietnam from Okinawa to defend the Da Nang, Vietnam, airfield. During the height of U.S. military involvement, 31 December 1968, the breakdown of allied forces were as follows: 536,100 U.S. military personnel, with 30,610 U.S. military having been killed to date; 65,000 Free World Forces personnel; 820,000 South Vietnam Armed Forces (SVNAF) with 88,343 having been killed to date. At the war's end, there were approximately 2,200 U.S. missing in action (MIA) and prisoners of war (POW). Source: Harry G. Summers Jr. Vietnam War Almanac, Facts on File Publishing, 1985.)</ref><br />{{flagu|South Korea|1949}}: 50,003<br />{{flagu|Thailand}}: 11,570<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanwarlibrary.com/vietnam/vwatl.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-08-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802134052/http://www.americanwarlibrary.com/vietnam/vwatl.htm |archivedate=2 August 2016 |df=dmy-all }}, accessed 7 Nov 2017</ref><br />{{flagu|Australia}}: 7,672<br />{{flagu|Philippines|1936}}: 2,061<br />{{flagu|New Zealand}}: 552<ref name="AtoZ">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=4VG4AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=troops+both+sides+in+vietnam+war#v=onepage&q=troops%20both%20sides%20in%20vietnam%20war&f=false |title=The A to Z of the Vietnam War |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |date=2005 |isbn=978-1461719038}}</ref>
|
| strength2 = '''≈860,000''' (1967)<br />
{{flagu|North Vietnam}}: 690,000 (January 1967, included NVA and Viet Cong)<ref>Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975. Translated by Merle Pribbenow, Lawerence KS: University of Kansas Press, 2002, p. 211: "By the end of 1966 the total strength of our armed forces was 690,000 soldiers.”. According to Hanoi's official history, the Viet Cong was a branch of the People's Army of Vietnam.</ref><br />{{flagdeco|Republic of South Vietnam}} Viet Cong: 200,000 (estimated, 1968)<ref>Doyle, '''The North''', pp. 45–49</ref><ref name="AtoZ"/><br />{{flagu|China|1949}}: 170,000 (1967)<ref name="Toledo Blade 320,000 Chinese troops">{{cite news |agency=Reuters |title=China admits 320,000 troops fought in Vietnam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19890516&id=HkRPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_gIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3769,1925460 |accessdate=24 December 2013 |newspaper=Toledo Blade |date=16 May 1989}}</ref><ref name="Roy|1998">{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Denny |title=China's Foreign Relations |year=1998 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0847690138 |page=27}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com.vn">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=GaZvX2BzeegC&pg=PA176 |title=China and Vietnam |publisher= |isbn=978-0521618342 |author1=Womack |first1=Brantly |date=2006-02-13}}</ref><br />{{flagu|North Korea|1948}}: 200<ref>{{cite web |author=Pham Thi Thu Thuy |url=https://www.nknews.org/2013/08/the-colorful-history-of-north-korea-vietnam-relations/ |title=The colorful history of North Korea-Vietnam relations |date=1 August 2013 |accessdate=3 October 2016 |publisher=NK News}}</ref>
|
| commander1 = {{flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[Ngô Đình Diệm]] [[Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem|†]] <br />{{flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]]<br />{{flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]]<br />{{flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[Cao Văn Viên]]<br /> {{flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[Ngô Quang Trưởng]]<br /> {{flagicon|US|1960}} [[John F. Kennedy]]<br />{{flagicon|US|1960}} [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] <br />{{flagicon|US|1960}} [[Richard Nixon]]<br /> {{flagicon|US|1960}} [[Gerald Ford]]<br />{{flagicon|US|1960}} [[Robert McNamara]]<br /> {{flagicon|US|1960}} [[William Westmoreland]]<br />{{flagicon|US|1960}} [[Creighton Abrams]]<br />{{flagicon|US|1960}} [[Frederick C. Weyand]]<br />{{flagicon|South Korea|1949}} [[Park Chung-hee]]<br />{{flagicon|THA}} [[Thanom Kittikachorn]]<br /> {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Robert Menzies]]<br /> {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Harold Holt]]<br /> {{flagicon|AUS}} [[John McEwen]]<br /> {{flagicon|AUS}} [[John Gorton]]<br /> {{flagicon|AUS}} [[William McMahon]]<br /> {{flagicon|PHI|1936}} [[Ferdinand Marcos]]<br /> {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Keith Holyoake]]<br />{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Jack Marshall]]<br />{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Norman Kirk]]<br />{{flagicon|ROC}} [[Chiang Kai-Shek]]<br />[[Leaders of the Vietnam War|…''and others'']]
|
| commander2 = {{flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Ho Chi Minh]]<br />{{flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Lê Duẩn]] <br />{{flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Võ Nguyên Giáp]]<br /> {{flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Văn Tiến Dũng]] <br />{{flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Lê Trọng Tấn]]<br /> {{flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Phạm Văn Đồng]] <br />{{flagicon|Republic of South Vietnam}} [[Hoàng Văn Thái]] <br />{{flagicon|Republic of South Vietnam}} [[Trần Văn Trà]]<br />{{flagicon|Republic of South Vietnam}} [[Nguyễn Văn Linh]]<br />{{flagicon|Republic of South Vietnam}} [[Nguyễn Hữu Thọ]] <br /> <br />[[Leaders of the Vietnam War|…''and others'']]
|
| casualties1 = '''{{flagu|South Vietnam}}'''<br />195,000–430,000 civilian dead<ref name="Hirschman"/><ref name = "Lewy 1978 450_453">{{Harvnb|Lewy|1978|pp=450–53}}.</ref><ref name="Thayer 1">{{Harvnb|Thayer|1985|loc=chap. 12}}.</ref><br />254,256<ref>Clarke, Jeffrey J. (1988), ''United States Army in Vietnam: Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965–1973'', Washington, D.C: Center of Military History, United States Army, p. 275: "The Army of the Republic of Vietnam suffered 254,256 recorded combat deaths between 1960 and 1974, with the highest number of recorded deaths being in 1972, with 39,587 combat deaths"</ref>–313,000 military dead<ref name=FOOTNOTERummel1997>{{citation |last=Rummel |first=R.J |year=1997 |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB6.1A.GIF |format=GIF |title=Table 6.1A. Vietnam Democide : Estimates, Sources, and Calculations, |work=Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War, University of Hawaii System}}</ref><br /> 1,170,000 wounded<ref name="ReferenceA">Tucker, Spencer E. ''The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History'' ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|1851099611}}</ref><br />
'''{{flagu|United States|1960}}'''<br />58,220 dead;<ref>{{cite web|title=America's Wars Fact Sheet|url=https://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf|accessdate=29 November 2017}}</ref> 303,644 wounded (including 150,341 not requiring hospital care){{refn|The figures of 58,220 and 303,644 for U.S. deaths and wounded come from the Department of Defense Statistical Information Analysis Division (SIAD), Defense Manpower Data Center, as well as from a Department of Veterans fact sheet dated May 2010; the total is 153,303 WIA excluding 150,341 persons not requiring hospital care<ref>{{cite report |title=America's Wars |url=http://www1.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf |publisher=Department of Veterans Affairs |date=May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124020810/http://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf |archivedate=24 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> the CRS ([[Congressional Research Service]]) Report for Congress, American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics, dated 26 February 2010,<ref>{{cite report |date=26 February 2010 |title=American War and Military Operations: Casualties: Lists and Statistics |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32492.pdf |author1=Anne Leland |author2=Mari–Jana "M-J" Oboroceanu |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> and the book Crucible Vietnam: Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lawrence|2009|pp=65, 107, 154, 217}}</ref> Some other sources give different figures (e.g. the 2005/2006 documentary ''Heart of Darkness: The Vietnam War Chronicles 1945–1975'' cited elsewhere in this article gives a figure of 58,159 U.S. deaths,<ref name="aaron">{{cite video |people=Aaron Ulrich (editor); Edward FeuerHerd (producer and director) (2005, 2006) |url=https://www.amazon.com/Heart-Darkness-Vietnam-Chronicles-1945-1975/dp/B000GDIBT8 |title=Heart of Darkness: The Vietnam War Chronicles 1945–1975 |format=Box set, Color, Dolby, DVD-Video, Full Screen, NTSC, Dolby, Vision Software |medium=Documentary |publisher=Koch Vision |time=321 minutes |isbn=1417229209}}</ref> and the 2007 book ''Vietnam Sons'' gives a figure of 58,226)<ref>Kueter, Dale. ''Vietnam Sons: For Some, the War Never Ended.'' AuthorHouse (21 March 2007). {{ISBN|978-1425969318}}</ref>|name=USd&w|group=A}}<br />
'''{{flagu|South Korea|1949}}'''<br />5,099 dead; 10,962 wounded; 4 missing<br />
'''{{flagu|Australia}}'''<br />521 dead; 3,129 wounded<br /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/vietnam/statistics.asp |title=Australian casualties in the Vietnam War, 1962–72 &#124; Australian War Memorial |publisher=Awm.gov.au |accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref><br />
'''{{flagu|Thailand}}'''<br />351 dead; 1,358 wounded<ref>The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History
By Spencer C. Tucker "https://books.google.com/?id=qh5lffww-KsC"</ref><br />
'''{{flagu|New Zealand}}'''<br />37 dead; 187 wounded<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vietnamwar.govt.nz/resources |title=Overview of the war in Vietnam &#124; VietnamWar.govt.nz, New Zealand and the Vietnam War |publisher=Vietnamwar.govt.nz |date=16 July 1965 |accessdate=29 June 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726010609/http://vietnamwar.govt.nz/resources |archivedate=26 July 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
'''{{flagu|Taiwan}}'''<br />25 dead;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://militaryhistorynow.com/2013/10/02/the-international-vietnam-war-the-other-world-powers-that-fought-in-south-east-asia/ |title=America Wasn’t the Only Foreign Power in the Vietnam War |accessdate=10 June 2017 }}</ref><br />
'''{{flagu|Philippines|1936}}'''<br />9 dead;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/allied/ch03.htm |title=Chapter III: The Philippines |publisher=History.army.mil |accessdate=24 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203725/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/allied/ch03.htm |archivedate=29 October 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> 64 wounded<ref>{{cite web |url=http://175thengineers.homestead.com/Philcav.pdf |title=Asian Allies in Vietnam |publisher=Embassy of South Vietnam |date=March 1970 |accessdate=18 October 2015}}</ref>

'''Total military dead: 318,568–377,311'''<br />'''Total wounded: ≈1,340,000+<ref name="ReferenceA"/><br />'''
|
| casualties2 = {{flagdeco|North Vietnam}}{{flagdeco|Republic of South Vietnam}} '''North Vietnam & Viet Cong'''<br />65,000 civilian dead<ref name="Lewy 1978 450_453"/><br /> 849,018 military dead<ref>{{cite web|url=http://datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/Qu%E1%BA%A3n%20l%C3%BD%20ch%E1%BB%89%20%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o/Chuy%C3%AAn%20%C4%91%E1%BB%81%204.doc|title=Chuyên đề 4 CÔNG TÁC TÌM KIẾM, QUY TẬP HÀI CỐT LIỆT SĨ TỪ NAY ĐẾN NĂM 2020 VÀ NHỮNG NĂM TIẾP THEO, datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/Quản%20lý%20chỉ%20đạo/Chuyên%20đề%204.doc|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="AP">Associated Press, 3 April 1995, "Vietnam Says 1.1 Million Died Fighting For North."</ref><br /> 600,000+ wounded<ref>Soames, John. ''A History of the World'', Routledge, 2005.</ref><br />
'''{{flagu|China|1949}}'''<br />≈1,100 dead and 4,200 wounded<ref name="books.google.com.vn"/><br />
'''{{flagu|North Korea|1948}}'''<br />14 dead<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/696970.stm |title=North Korea fought in Vietnam War |publisher=BBC News |date=31 March 2000 |accessdate=18 October 2015}}</ref>

'''Total military dead: 850,132+'''<br />'''Total wounded: ≈604,200'''
|
| casualties3 =
'''Vietnamese civilian dead''': 627,000–2,000,000<ref name="Lewy 1978 450_453" /><ref name="afp1995">{{cite news |title=20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate |first=Philip |last=Shenon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/23/world/20-years-after-victory-vietnamese-communists-ponder-how-to-celebrate.html |date=23 April 1995 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=24 February 2011}} The Vietnamese government officially claimed a rough estimate of 2 million civilian deaths, but it did not divide these deaths between those of North and South Vietnam.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=fifty years of violent war deaths: data analysis from the world health survey program: BMJ |url=http://www.bmj.com/content/336/7659/1482 |date=23 April 2008 |accessdate=5 January 2013}} From 1955 to 2002, data from the surveys indicated an estimated 5.4 million violent war deaths … 3.8 million in Vietnam</ref><br />
'''Vietnamese total dead''': 966,000<ref name="Hirschman" />–3,091,000<ref name="Obermeyer 2008">{{Harvnb|Obermeyer|Murray|Gakidou|2008}}.</ref><br />
'''Cambodian Civil War dead''': 240,000–300,000*<ref name="Heuveline, Patrick 2001"/><ref name="Banister, Judith 1993"/><ref name = "Sliwinski 1995 42,48+comment"/><br />
'''Laotian Civil War dead''': 20,000–62,000*<br />
'''Non-Indochinese military dead (sum)''': 65,425<br />
'''Total dead (sum)''': 1,291,425–4,211,451<br />
For more information see [[Vietnam War casualties]] and [[Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War]]<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki> indicates approximations
}}

'''වියට්නාම් යුද්ධය''' ([[වියට්නාම් භාෂාව|වියට්නාම්]]: චියෙං චං වියට් නාම්), '''දෙවන ඉන්දුචින යුද්ධය''', '''ඇමෙරිකාවට එරෙහි ප්‍රතිරෝධී යුද්ධය''' හෝ සරලව ඇමෙරිකානු යුද්ධය ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන්නේ [[සීතල යුද්ධය]]-යුගය තුල, 1955 නොවැම්බර් 1 වන දින සිට{{#tag:ref|Due to the early presence of American troops in Vietnam the start date of the Vietnam War is a grey zone. In 1998 after a high level review by the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense (DoD)]] and through the efforts of [[Richard B. Fitzgibbon, Jr.|Richard B. Fitzgibbon]]'s family the start date of the Vietnam War was changed to 1 November 1955.<ref name="DoD p. ">{{harvnb|DoD|1998|p=}}</ref> U.S. government reports currently cite 1 November 1955 as the commencement date of the "Vietnam Conflict," for this was the day when the U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) in Indochina (deployed to Southeast Asia under President Truman) was reorganized into country-specific units and MAAG Vietnam was established.<ref name="Lawrence p. 20">{{harvnb|Lawrence|2009|p=[http://books.google.com/books?id=CxtJ56I2cjMC&pg=PA20 20]}}</ref>
'''වියට්නාම් යුද්ධය''' ([[වියට්නාම් භාෂාව|වියට්නාම්]]: චියෙං චං වියට් නාම්), '''දෙවන ඉන්දුචින යුද්ධය''', '''ඇමෙරිකාවට එරෙහි ප්‍රතිරෝධී යුද්ධය''' හෝ සරලව ඇමෙරිකානු යුද්ධය ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන්නේ [[සීතල යුද්ධය]]-යුගය තුල, 1955 නොවැම්බර් 1 වන දින සිට{{#tag:ref|Due to the early presence of American troops in Vietnam the start date of the Vietnam War is a grey zone. In 1998 after a high level review by the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense (DoD)]] and through the efforts of [[Richard B. Fitzgibbon, Jr.|Richard B. Fitzgibbon]]'s family the start date of the Vietnam War was changed to 1 November 1955.<ref name="DoD p. ">{{harvnb|DoD|1998|p=}}</ref> U.S. government reports currently cite 1 November 1955 as the commencement date of the "Vietnam Conflict," for this was the day when the U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) in Indochina (deployed to Southeast Asia under President Truman) was reorganized into country-specific units and MAAG Vietnam was established.<ref name="Lawrence p. 20">{{harvnb|Lawrence|2009|p=[http://books.google.com/books?id=CxtJ56I2cjMC&pg=PA20 20]}}</ref>



16:39, 6 අප්‍රේල් 2018 තෙක් සංශෝධනය

Vietnam War
(Chiến tranh Việt Nam)
the Indochina Wars and the Cold War හි කොටසකි
ගොනුව:VNWarMontage.png
Clockwise, from top left: U.S. combat operations in Ia Drang, ARVN Rangers defending Saigon during the 1968 Tet Offensive, two A-4C Skyhawks after the Gulf of Tonkin incident, ARVN recapture Quảng Trị during the 1972 Easter Offensive, civilians fleeing the 1972 Battle of Quảng Trị, and burial of 300 victims of the 1968 Huế Massacre.
දිනය1 November 1955[A 1] – 30 අප්‍රේල් 1975 (1975-04-30)
(වසර 19 ක්, මාස 5 ක්, සති 4 ක් සහ එක් දිනයක්)
පිහිටුම
ප්‍රතිඵලය

North Vietnamese victory

භුමිප්‍රදේශාත්මක
වෙනස්වීම්
Reunification of North and South Vietnam into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
යුද්ධාවතීරයන්

සැකිල්ල:රටේ දත්ත South Vietnam
United States
 South Korea
සැකිල්ල:රටේ දත්ත Thailand
 Australia
 Philippines
 New Zealand
සැකිල්ල:රටේ දත්ත Khmer Republic
සැකිල්ල:රටේ දත්ත Kingdom of Laos

Military support:
 තායිවානය[1][2]

සැකිල්ල:රටේ දත්ත North Vietnam
සැකිල්ල:Country data Republic of South Vietnam Viet Cong
Khmer Rouge
සැකිල්ල:Country data Laos Pathet Lao
 China
 North Korea

Military support:
 Soviet Union
 Cuba[6][7]

ආඥාපතියන් සහ නායකයන්
සැකිල්ල:Country data South Vietnam Ngô Đình Diệm
සැකිල්ල:Country data South Vietnam Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
සැකිල්ල:Country data South Vietnam Nguyễn Cao Kỳ
සැකිල්ල:Country data South Vietnam Cao Văn Viên
සැකිල්ල:Country data South Vietnam Ngô Quang Trưởng
එක්සත් ජනපද John F. Kennedy
එක්සත් ජනපද Lyndon B. Johnson
එක්සත් ජනපද Richard Nixon
එක්සත් ජනපද Gerald Ford
එක්සත් ජනපද Robert McNamara
එක්සත් ජනපද William Westmoreland
එක්සත් ජනපද Creighton Abrams
එක්සත් ජනපද Frederick C. Weyand
දකුණු කොරියාව Park Chung-hee
තායිලන්තය Thanom Kittikachorn
ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව Robert Menzies
ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව Harold Holt
ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව John McEwen
ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව John Gorton
ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව William McMahon
සැකිල්ල:Country data PHI Ferdinand Marcos
නවසීලන්තය Keith Holyoake
නවසීලන්තය Jack Marshall
නවසීලන්තය Norman Kirk
සැකිල්ල:Country data ROC Chiang Kai-Shek
and others
සැකිල්ල:Country data North Vietnam Ho Chi Minh
සැකිල්ල:Country data North Vietnam Lê Duẩn
සැකිල්ල:Country data North Vietnam Võ Nguyên Giáp
සැකිල්ල:Country data North Vietnam Văn Tiến Dũng
සැකිල්ල:Country data North Vietnam Lê Trọng Tấn
සැකිල්ල:Country data North Vietnam Phạm Văn Đồng
සැකිල්ල:Country data Republic of South Vietnam Hoàng Văn Thái
සැකිල්ල:Country data Republic of South Vietnam Trần Văn Trà
සැකිල්ල:Country data Republic of South Vietnam Nguyễn Văn Linh
සැකිල්ල:Country data Republic of South Vietnam Nguyễn Hữu Thọ

and others
හමුදාමය ප්‍රබලතාවය

≈1,420,000 (1968)
සැකිල්ල:Country data South Vietnam: 850,000 (1968)
1,500,000 (1974–75)[21]

 United States: 543,000 (April 1969)[22][23]
 South Korea: 50,003
 Thailand: 11,570[24]
 Australia: 7,672
 Philippines: 2,061
 New Zealand: 552[25]

≈860,000 (1967)

සැකිල්ල:Country data North Vietnam: 690,000 (January 1967, included NVA and Viet Cong)[26]
සැකිල්ල:Country data Republic of South Vietnam Viet Cong: 200,000 (estimated, 1968)[27][25]
 China: 170,000 (1967)[28][29][30]
සැකිල්ල:Country data North Korea: 200[31]
අපාතිකයන් සහ හානි

සැකිල්ල:Country data South Vietnam
195,000–430,000 civilian dead[32][33][34]
254,256[35]–313,000 military dead[36]
1,170,000 wounded[37]
 United States
58,220 dead;[38] 303,644 wounded (including 150,341 not requiring hospital care)[A 2]
 South Korea
5,099 dead; 10,962 wounded; 4 missing
 Australia
521 dead; 3,129 wounded
[44]
 Thailand
351 dead; 1,358 wounded[45]
 New Zealand
37 dead; 187 wounded[46]
 Taiwan
25 dead;[47]
 Philippines
9 dead;[48] 64 wounded[49]

Total military dead: 318,568–377,311
Total wounded: ≈1,340,000+[37]

සැකිල්ල:Country data North Vietnamසැකිල්ල:Country data Republic of South Vietnam North Vietnam & Viet Cong
65,000 civilian dead[33]
849,018 military dead[50][51]
600,000+ wounded[52]
 China
≈1,100 dead and 4,200 wounded[30]
සැකිල්ල:Country data North Korea
14 dead[53]

Total military dead: 850,132+
Total wounded: ≈604,200

Vietnamese civilian dead: 627,000–2,000,000[33][54][55]
Vietnamese total dead: 966,000[32]–3,091,000[56]
Cambodian Civil War dead: 240,000–300,000*[57][58][59]
Laotian Civil War dead: 20,000–62,000*
Non-Indochinese military dead (sum): 65,425
Total dead (sum): 1,291,425–4,211,451
For more information see Vietnam War casualties and Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War

* indicates approximations

වියට්නාම් යුද්ධය (වියට්නාම්: චියෙං චං වියට් නාම්), දෙවන ඉන්දුචින යුද්ධය, ඇමෙරිකාවට එරෙහි ප්‍රතිරෝධී යුද්ධය හෝ සරලව ඇමෙරිකානු යුද්ධය ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන්නේ සීතල යුද්ධය-යුගය තුල, 1955 නොවැම්බර් 1 වන දින සිට[A 1] 1975 අප්‍රේල් 30 දිනදී සයිගොං යටත්වීම දක්වා වියට්නාමය, ලාඕසය, සහ කාම්බෝජය යන රටවල් තුල පැවති හමුදාමය ගැටුමකි. ඉන්දුචින යුද්ධ වලින් දෙවැන්න වූ එම සටන නිලවශයෙන් උතුරු වියට්නාමය සහ දකුණු වියට්නාම රජය අතර පැවතුණි. උතුරු වියට්නාම හමුදාවට සෝවියට් සංගමය, චීනය සහ අනෙකුත් කොමියුනිස්ට් රටවල සහාය ලැබුණු අතර දකුණු වියටනාම හමුදාවට එක්සත් ජනපද, දකුණු කොරියාව, ඔස්ට්‍රේලියාව, තායිලන්තය සහ වෙනත් කොමියුනිස්ට්-විරෝධී රටවල සහාය ලැබුණි. එනිසා එම යුද්ධය, සිතල යුධ සමයේ අතුරු යුද්ධය (proxy war) ක් ලෙස සළකනු ලැබේ. එම යුද්ධය එක්සත් ජනපදයට සිදු වූ අවමානයක් ලෙස සළකනු ලැබේ.

උතුරු වියට්නාමයේ සහාය ලද වියට්කොන්ග් නමැති දකුණු වියට්නාමිය කොමියුනිස්ට් පෙරමුණ එම කලාපයේ කොමියුනිස්ට් විරෝධී බලවේග වලට එරෙහිව ගරිල්ලා යුද්ධයක් ඇති කරන ලදී. එහිදී උතුරු වියට්නාම හමුදාව ලෙසටද හැඳින්වෙන වියට්නාම මහජන හමුදාව, විශාල හමුදා ඒකක සටනට යොදවමින් සම්ප්‍රධායික යුධමය තත්ත්වයක් ඇති කරන ලදී. යුද්ධය දිගටම ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නට වූ විට වියට්කොන්ග් වරුන්ගේ යුධමය ක්‍රියා අඩු වූ අතර උතුරු වියට්නාම හමුදාවේ ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වය වර්ධනය විය. එක්සත් ජනපද සහ දකුණු වියට්නාම හමුදා ගුවන් ගුවන් බලය සහ ගිනි අවි බලය පිලිබඳ විශ්වාසය තබමින් පාබල හමුදා, ආටිලරි සහ ගුවන් ප්‍රහාර මගින් සෙවීමේ සහ විනාශ කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් ක්‍රියාත්මක අක්රන්නට විය. යුද්ධයේදී එක්සත් ජනපද මගින් උතුරු වියට්නාමයට එරෙහිව මහා පරිමාණ උපක්‍රමශීලී බෝම්බ මෙහෙයුම් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී.

උතුරු වියට්නාම රජය සහ වියට්කොන්ග් සටන් වැදුණේ වියට්නාමය නැවත එක් කිරීම සඳහාය. ඔවුන් එම යුද්ධය සළකන ලද්දේ ප්‍රංශය සහ එක්සත් ජනපදය සමග පැවති පළමු ඉන්දුචින යුද්ධයේ දිගුවක් සහ යටත්විජිතවාදී යුද්ධයක් ලෙසටය. යුද්ධයට එක්සත් ජනපදයේ මැදිහත්වීම, එක්සත් ජනපද රජය විසින් සළකන ලද්දේ කොමියුනිස්ට්වාදීන් දකුණු වියට්නාමය අත්පත් කරගැනීම වැළක්වීමේ මාවතක් ලෙසිනි. මෙය, කොමියුනිස්ට්වාදය පැතිරයාම වැළක්වීම අරමුණු කරගත් පුළුල් වළකාලීමේ පිළිවෙතක එන ඩොමිනෝ සංකල්පයේ කොටසකි.

1950 ආරම්භයේ පටන් ඇමෙරිකානු යුධ උපදේශකයන් එවකට ප්‍රංශ ඉන්දුචිනයට පැමිණියහ. ප්‍රංශ යුධ ක්‍රියාන්විතය සඳහා ආධාර බොහෝමයක් එක්සත් ජනපදය විසින් සපයන ලදී. 1960 මුල් භාගයේදී එක්සත් ජනපද මැදිහත්වීම වර්ධනය වූ අතර 1961 දී සහ 1962 දී යුධ බල ඇණි ප්‍රමාණය තෙගුණ කරන ලදී. 1964 ටොන්කින් ගල්ෆ් සිදුවීමෙන් පසු එක්සත් ජනපද මැදිහත්වීම තවදුරටත් වැඩි විය. එහිදී ඇමෙරිකානු යාත්‍රාවක් උතුරු වියට්නාම වේග ප්‍රහාරක යානාවක් මගින් විනාශ වීම නිසා ටොන්කින් ගල්ෆ් යෝජනාව මගින් එක්සත් ජනපද හමුදා සහභාගිත්වය වැඩි කිරීමට එකසත් ජනපද ජනාධිපති අවසරය ලබා දෙන ලදී. 1965 පටන් සාමාන්‍ය එක්සත් ජනපද හමුදා ඛණ්ඩ මෙහෙයුම් වලට එකතු කරන ලදී. ජාත්‍යන්තර දේශසීමා ඉක්මවමින් ද මෙහෙයුම් ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නට විය. ලාඕසයේ සහ කාම්බෝජයේ දේශසීමා ප්‍රදේශ උතුරු වියට්නාමය විසින් සැපයුම් ප්‍රදේශ ලෙසට භාවිත කරන ලදී. 1968 වනවිට යුද්ධයට ඇමෙරිකාවේ සහභාගිත්වය උපරිමයකට ලඟා වී තිබුණෙන් එම ප්‍රදේශ දැඩි ලෙස ඇමෙරිකානු බෝම්බ ප්‍රහාරයට ලක්වන්නට විය. 1968 දී කොමියුනිස්ට්වාදී පාර්ශ්වය විසින් Tet Offensive දියත් කරන ලදී. Tet Offensive හි අරමුණ වූයේ දකුණු වියට්නාම රජය බලයෙන් පහ කිරීමයි. එම අරමුණ ඉටු නොවූ නමුදු Tet Offensive යුද්ධයේ හැරවුම් ලක්ෂ්‍යය බවට පත්විය. වසර ගණනාවක් පුරා දකුණු වියට්නාමයට දැවැන්ත ලෙස යුධ ආධාර සපයමින් යුද්ධය දිනන බවට ඇමෙරිකානු රජය සිදුකල ප්‍රකාශ මායාවක් බව Tet Offensive මගින් විශාල ඇමෙරිකානු ප්‍රජාවකට ඒත්තු ගන්වන ලදී.

ක්‍රමිකව ඇමෙරිකානු හමුදා ඉවත් කර ගැනීම "වියට්නාමිකරණයේ" කොටසක් ලෙසට ඇරඹුණු අතර එමගින් ඇමෙරිකාව යුද්ධයෙන් ඉවත් වී කොමියුනිස්ට්වරු සමඟ යුද්ධ කිරීම දකුණු වියට්නාමයට පවරන ලදී. 1973 ජනවාරි මස සියළු පාර්ශව විසින් පැරිස් සාම සම්මුතිය අත්සන් තැබුවද එය නොතකා සටන් තවදුරටත් පැවතුණි. එක්සත් ජනපදයේ සහ බටහිර ලෝකය තුළ විශාල ප්‍රතිසංස්කෘතියක කොටසක් ලෙස දැවැන්ත වියට්නාම යුධ විරෝධී ව්‍යාපාරයක් ගොඩ නැගුණි.

එක්සත් ජනපද හමුදා වල ඍජු මැදිහත්වීම් 1973 අගෝස්තු 15 අවසන් විය. උතුරු වියට්නාම හමුදාව 1975 අප්‍රේල් වලදී සයිගොන් අත්පත් කරගැනීම, යුද්ධයේ නිමාව සනිටුහන් කරන ලදී. ඊට පසු වසරේ දී උතුරු සහ දකුණු වියට්නාමය නැවත එක් කරන ලදී. යුද්ධය නිසා විශාල පිරිසකගේ ජිවිත අහිමි විය. ඇස්තමේන්තුගත වියට්නාම සොල්දාදුවන් සහ සිවිල් වැසියන්ගේ ජිවිත හානි වීම් ගණන 966 000 - මිලියන 3.1 තරම් පරාසයක පවතී. 240 000 සිට 300 000 දක්වා වූ කාම්බෝජ වැසියන් පිරිසකගේ ද 20 000 සිට 62 000 දක්වා වූ ලාඕස වැසියන් පිරිසකගේ ද ජිවිත යුද්ධය නිසා අහිමි විය. එක්සත් ජනපද හමුදා භටයින් 58 220 කගේ ජිවිත යුද්ධය නිසා අහිමි වූ අතර 1 626 දෙනෙකු ක්‍රියාන්විතයේදී අතුරුදන් වූවන්ගේ ලැයිස්තුවට ඇතුළත් වී ඇත.

  1. Moïse 1996, pp. 3–4.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "Allies of the Republic of Vietnam". සම්ප්‍රවේශය 24 September 2011.
  3. "Chapter Three: 1957–1969 Early Relations between Malaysia and Vietnam" (PDF). University of Malaya Student Repository. p. 72. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 17 October 2015.
  4. "Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj (Profiles of Malaysia's Foreign Ministers)" (PDF). Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia). 2008. p. 31. ISBN 978-9832220268. 16 October 2015 දින මුල් පිටපත (PDF) වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 17 October 2015. The Tunku had been personally responsible for Malaya's partisan support of the South Vietnamese regime in its fight against the Vietcong and, in reply to a Parliamentary question on 6 February 1962, he had listed all the used weapons and equipment of the Royal Malaya Police given to Saigon. These included a total of 45,707 single-barrel shotguns, 611 armoured cars and smaller numbers of carbines and pistols. Writing in 1975, he revealed that "we had clandestinely been giving 'aid' to Vietnam since early 1958. Published American archival sources now reveal that the actual Malaysian contributions to the war effort in Vietnam included the following: "over 5,000 Vietnamese officers trained in Malaysia; training of 150 U.S. soldiers in handling Tracker Dogs; a rather impressive list of military equipment and weapons given to Viet-Nam after the end of the Malaysian insurgency (for example, 641 armored personnel carriers, 56,000 shotguns); and a creditable amount of civil assistance (transportation equipment, cholera vaccine, and flood relief)". It is undeniable that the Government's policy of supporting the South Vietnamese regime with arms, equipment and training was regarded by some quarters, especially the Opposition parties, as a form of interfering in the internal affairs of that country and the Tunku's valiant efforts to defend it were not convincing enough, from a purely foreign policy standpoint. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. Weil, Thomas E. et. al. Area Handbook for Brazil (1975), p. 293
  6. The Cuban Military Under Castro, 1989. p. 76
  7. Cuba in the World, 1979. p. 66
  8. "Cesky a slovensky svet". Svet.czsk.net. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 24 February 2014.
  9. "Bilaterální vztahy České republiky a Vietnamské socialistické republiky | Mezinárodní vztahy | e-Polis – Internetový politologický časopis". E-polis.cz. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 24 February 2014.
  10. "Foreign Affairs in the 1960s and 1970s". Library of Congress. 1992. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Bulgaria gave official military support to many national liberation causes, most notably in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, (North Vietnam)…
  11. "Project MUSE – l Sailing in the Shadow of the Vietnam War: The GDR Government and the "Vietnam Bonus" of the Early 1970s" (PDF).
  12. "Stasi Aid and the Modernization of the Vietnamese Secret Police". 20 August 2014.
  13. Crump 2015, p. 183
  14. 14.0 14.1 Radvanyi, Janos (1980). "Vietnam War Diplomacy: Reflections of a Former Iron Curtain Official" (PDF). Paramaters: Journal of the US Army War College. Carlise Barracks, Pennsylvania. 10 (3): 8–15.
  15. "Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong?". HistoryNet. 25 July 2013. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 20 July 2016.
  16. "Sweden announces support to Viet Cong". HISTORY.com. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 20 July 2016. In Sweden, Foreign Minister Torsten Nilsson reveals that Sweden has been providing assistance to the Viet Cong, including some $550,000 worth of medical supplies. Similar Swedish aid was to go to Cambodian and Laotian civilians affected by the Indochinese fighting. This support was primarily humanitarian in nature and included no military aid.
  17. 17.0 17.1 DoD 1998
  18. Lawrence 2009, p. 20.
  19. Olson & Roberts 1991, p. 67.සැකිල්ල:Cnf
  20. 20.0 20.1 Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960, The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 1, Chapter 5, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), Section 3, pp. 314–46; International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College. උපුටාදැක්වීම් දෝෂය: Invalid <ref> tag; name "WarBegan" defined multiple times with different content
  21. Le Gro, p. 28.
  22. Tucker, Spencer (2011). The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. xlv. ISBN 978-1851099610.
  23. "Facts about the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Collection". nps.gov. (citing The first American ground combat troops landed in South Vietnam during March 1965, specifically the U.S. Third Marine Regiment, Third Marine Division, deployed to Vietnam from Okinawa to defend the Da Nang, Vietnam, airfield. During the height of U.S. military involvement, 31 December 1968, the breakdown of allied forces were as follows: 536,100 U.S. military personnel, with 30,610 U.S. military having been killed to date; 65,000 Free World Forces personnel; 820,000 South Vietnam Armed Forces (SVNAF) with 88,343 having been killed to date. At the war's end, there were approximately 2,200 U.S. missing in action (MIA) and prisoners of war (POW). Source: Harry G. Summers Jr. Vietnam War Almanac, Facts on File Publishing, 1985.)
  24. "Archived copy". 2 අගෝස්තු 2016 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2 අගෝස්තු 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), accessed 7 Nov 2017
  25. 25.0 25.1 The A to Z of the Vietnam War. The Scarecrow Press. 2005. ISBN 978-1461719038.
  26. Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975. Translated by Merle Pribbenow, Lawerence KS: University of Kansas Press, 2002, p. 211: "By the end of 1966 the total strength of our armed forces was 690,000 soldiers.”. According to Hanoi's official history, the Viet Cong was a branch of the People's Army of Vietnam.
  27. Doyle, The North, pp. 45–49
  28. "China admits 320,000 troops fought in Vietnam". Toledo Blade. Reuters. 16 May 1989. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 24 December 2013.
  29. Roy, Denny (1998). China's Foreign Relations. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 27. ISBN 978-0847690138.
  30. 30.0 30.1 Womack, Brantly (2006-02-13). China and Vietnam. ISBN 978-0521618342.
  31. Pham Thi Thu Thuy (1 August 2013). "The colorful history of North Korea-Vietnam relations". NK News. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 3 October 2016.
  32. 32.0 32.1 උපුටාදැක්වීම් දෝෂය: අනීතික <ref> ටැගය; Hirschman නමැති ආශ්‍රේයන් සඳහා කිසිදු පෙළක් සපයා නොතිබුණි
  33. 33.0 33.1 33.2 Lewy 1978, pp. 450–53.
  34. Thayer 1985, chap. 12.
  35. Clarke, Jeffrey J. (1988), United States Army in Vietnam: Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965–1973, Washington, D.C: Center of Military History, United States Army, p. 275: "The Army of the Republic of Vietnam suffered 254,256 recorded combat deaths between 1960 and 1974, with the highest number of recorded deaths being in 1972, with 39,587 combat deaths"
  36. Rummel, R.J (1997), "Table 6.1A. Vietnam Democide : Estimates, Sources, and Calculations," (GIF), Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War, University of Hawaii System, http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB6.1A.GIF 
  37. 37.0 37.1 Tucker, Spencer E. The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1851099611
  38. "America's Wars Fact Sheet" (PDF). සම්ප්‍රවේශය 29 November 2017.
  39. America's Wars (PDF) (Report). Department of Veterans Affairs. මැයි 2010. 24 ජනවාරි 2014 දින මුල් පිටපත (PDF) වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  40. Anne Leland; Mari–Jana "M-J" Oboroceanu (26 February 2010). American War and Military Operations: Casualties: Lists and Statistics (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service.
  41. Lawrence 2009, pp. 65, 107, 154, 217
  42. Aaron Ulrich (editor); Edward FeuerHerd (producer and director) (2005, 2006). Heart of Darkness: The Vietnam War Chronicles 1945–1975 (Box set, Color, Dolby, DVD-Video, Full Screen, NTSC, Dolby, Vision Software) (Documentary). Koch Vision. Event occurs at 321 minutes. ISBN 1417229209.
  43. Kueter, Dale. Vietnam Sons: For Some, the War Never Ended. AuthorHouse (21 March 2007). ISBN 978-1425969318
  44. "Australian casualties in the Vietnam War, 1962–72 | Australian War Memorial". Awm.gov.au. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 29 June 2013.
  45. The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History By Spencer C. Tucker "https://books.google.com/?id=qh5lffww-KsC"
  46. "Overview of the war in Vietnam | VietnamWar.govt.nz, New Zealand and the Vietnam War". Vietnamwar.govt.nz. 16 ජූලි 1965. 26 ජූලි 2013 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 29 ජූනි 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  47. "America Wasn't the Only Foreign Power in the Vietnam War". සම්ප්‍රවේශය 10 June 2017.
  48. "Chapter III: The Philippines". History.army.mil. 29 ඔක්තෝබර් 2013 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 24 පෙබරවාරි 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  49. "Asian Allies in Vietnam" (PDF). Embassy of South Vietnam. March 1970. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 18 October 2015.
  50. "Chuyên đề 4 CÔNG TÁC TÌM KIẾM, QUY TẬP HÀI CỐT LIỆT SĨ TỪ NAY ĐẾN NĂM 2020 VÀ NHỮNG NĂM TIẾP THEO, datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/Quản%20lý%20chỉ%20đạo/Chuyên%20đề%204.doc".
  51. Associated Press, 3 April 1995, "Vietnam Says 1.1 Million Died Fighting For North."
  52. Soames, John. A History of the World, Routledge, 2005.
  53. "North Korea fought in Vietnam War". BBC News. 31 March 2000. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 18 October 2015.
  54. Shenon, Philip (23 April 1995). "20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate". The New York Times. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 24 February 2011. The Vietnamese government officially claimed a rough estimate of 2 million civilian deaths, but it did not divide these deaths between those of North and South Vietnam.
  55. "fifty years of violent war deaths: data analysis from the world health survey program: BMJ". 23 April 2008. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 5 January 2013. From 1955 to 2002, data from the surveys indicated an estimated 5.4 million violent war deaths … 3.8 million in Vietnam
  56. Obermeyer, Murray & Gakidou 2008.
  57. උපුටාදැක්වීම් දෝෂය: අනීතික <ref> ටැගය; Heuveline, Patrick 2001 නමැති ආශ්‍රේයන් සඳහා කිසිදු පෙළක් සපයා නොතිබුණි
  58. උපුටාදැක්වීම් දෝෂය: අනීතික <ref> ටැගය; Banister, Judith 1993 නමැති ආශ්‍රේයන් සඳහා කිසිදු පෙළක් සපයා නොතිබුණි
  59. උපුටාදැක්වීම් දෝෂය: අනීතික <ref> ටැගය; Sliwinski 1995 42,48+comment නමැති ආශ්‍රේයන් සඳහා කිසිදු පෙළක් සපයා නොතිබුණි
  60. Lawrence 2009, p. 20
  61. James Olson and Randy Roberts, Where the Domino Fell: America and Vietnam, 1945–1990, p. 67 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991).


උපුටාදැක්වීම් දෝෂය: "A" නම් කණ්ඩායම සඳහා <ref> ටැග පැවතුණත්, ඊට අදාළ <references group="A"/> ටැග සොයාගත නොහැකි විය.

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