"මල්" හි සංශෝධන අතර වෙනස්කම්

විකිපීඩියා වෙතින්
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සුළු ප්‍රවර්ගය:Plant morphology ඉවත් කරන ලදී. HotCat භාවිතයෙන්
සුළු ප්‍රවර්ගය:Garden plants ඉවත් කරන ලදී. HotCat භාවිතයෙන්
179 පේළිය: 179 පේළිය:


[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:මල්]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:මල්]]
[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Garden plants]]


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04:57, 31 ඔක්තෝබර් 2016 තෙක් සංශෝධනය

ලොව සුවඳ විහිදවමින් ස්වාභාවිකවම හටගන්නා ඒ අපූර්වතම වස්තුව මලයි.

විවිධ කුලයන්ට අයත් පුෂ්ප එකතුවක්

මල් යනු ශාකයන්හි ලිංගික ප්‍රජනන අවයවයකි.ජීව විද්‍යාඥයන්ට අනුව මල්වල පුරුෂ හා ස්ත්‍රී ලිංගික කොටස් දක්නට ලැබේ,පුරුෂ කොටස ලෙස පරාගද ස්ත්‍රී කොටස ලෙස කලංකයද මල් තුල ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් දක්නට ලැබේ.ස්ත්‍රී හා පුරුෂ කොටස් එක්වීම පරාගනය මගින් සිදුවේ.මෙම පරාගනය මගින් සිදුවන ලිංගික සංසේචනය මගින් නව පරපුරකට උපතදියහැකි බීම නිපවීම සිදුවේ.මෙම පරාගනය ක්‍රම දෙකකට සිදුවේ ඒ ස්වපරාගනය හා පරපරාගනය වශයෙනි.

මීට අමතරව ශාක වල ප්‍රජනන අවයවය වූ මල් අලංකරණ කටයුතු සදහාද යොදා ගනී.මල් වල ඇති සුන්දරත්වය හා සුගන්දවත්බව එයට හේතුවයි.ඇතැම් මල් ආහාර ලෙසද යොදාගනී.

මල් විශේෂීකරණය හා පරාගනය

මල් සහිත ශාක එහි ඇති මල්වල පරාග පතුරුවාහැරීම සදහා විවිධ ක්‍රම යොදාගනී.මෙම ශාක සුළග මගින් ජලය මගින් මෙන්ම සතුන් මගින්ද පරාගනය සිදුකරයි.ඇතැම් ශාක මෙම ක්‍රමවලින් කිහිපයක්ම යොදා ගනී.

ඇතැම් ශාක ස්වපරාගනය සිදුකරයි .

ඇට්ටේරියා පුෂ්ප.රාත්‍රී කාලයේ පිපෙන ඉතා සුඟන්දවත් පුෂ්පවේ

සපුෂ්පික ශාක තම පරාගන ක්‍රියාවලිය පහසු කරගැනීම විවිධ සැකසුම් සහිතව සකස්වී ඇත.සතුන් මගින් පරාගනය සිදුවන ශාකවල සතුන් ආකර්ෂණය සදහා පරාගධානියට ආසන්නව මල්පැණි පිහිටා ඇත.මල්පැණි ලබාගැනීමට මලවෙත එන සතුන්ගේ සිරුරේ පරාග තැවරීම සිදුවන අතර තවත් මලක පැණි උරාබීමට යන විට කලින් ගෑවී තිබූ පරාග අදාල පුෂ්පයේ කලංකය මත පතිතවීමෙන් මලක පූමාංගී හෙවක් පුරුෂ සෛල හා කලංකයමත ඇති ජායාංගී හෙවත් ස්ත්‍රී සෛල සංසේචනයවීම සිදුවේ.මෙම සතුන් මගින් පරාගනය සිදුවන සපුෂ්පික ශාක සතු මල් ඉතා අලංකාර හා සුගන්දවත්ය.බොහෝවිට දිවා කාලයේ පිපෙන මල් විවිධ වර්ණ රටාවලින් අලංකාර වී ඇති අතර රාත්‍රියේ පිපෙන මල් සුදු පැහැති වන අතර ඉතා මිහිරි සුගන්දයක් විහිදුවයි.උදාහරණ ලෙස පිච්ච කඩුපුල් ඇට්ටේරියා ආදී පුෂ්ප දැක්විය හැක.දිවා කාලයේ පිපෙන මල් විචිත්‍ර වර්ණ සහිත අලංකාරව පිපී තිබීම නිසා මල්පැණි බීමට එන සතුන්ට පහසුවෙන් දැකගැනීමට හැකිවේ.රාත්‍රී කාලයේ පිපෙන මල් සුදු පැහැ වර්ණයෙන් යුක්ත වීමත් ඉතා මිහිරි සුවදක් විහිදීමත් නිසා නිශාචර සතුන්ට පහසුවෙන් ලංවීමට හැකිවේ.

කැලිස්ටමොන් සිට්‍ර්නස් මල.

ඇතැම් සපුෂ්පිත ශාක තම පරාගනය සිදු කරන්නේ සුළග මගිනි.මේ වර්ගයට තෘණ පවුලට අයත් ශාක,මුර්ජ ශාක,මේපල් ශාක තාල වර්ගයට අයත් ශාක ආදිය ගතහැක.මෙම වර්ගයට අයත් මල් එකවර විශාල සංඛාවක් හටගනී මෙවාහි පරාග ඉතා සැහැල්ලු වන අතර විශාල පරාග ප්‍රමාණයක් නිපදවයි.බොහෝවිට මෙම මල් ස්ත්‍රී හා පුරුෂ වශයෙන් වෙන්වෙන්ව පවතී.පුරුෂ කොටස් පමණක් ඇති පූමාංගී මල් ඉතා විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් වරෙකට නිපදවේ.පුරුෂ කොටස් පමණක් ඇති පූමාංගී මල් කුඩා වන අතර ස්ත්‍රී කොටස් පමණක් ඇති ජායාංගී පුෂ්ප තරමක් විශාලව වැඩේ.මෙම සුළග මගින් පරාගනය වන පුෂ්ප වල අලංකාර වර්ණවත් බවක් හෝ සුගන්දවත් බවක් නැත.

රූපාකරය

සපුෂ්ක ශාක වල ප්‍රජනනය සිදුකෙරෙන බීජානු පරාග හා ඩිම්බ වශයෙන් වර්ග දෙකකට බෙදේ.ඒ අනුව ශාකයක ස්ත්‍රී හා පුරුෂ ප්‍රජනන කොටස් ද්විත්වයම ශාක පුෂ්පයක අන්තර්ගතය.කෙසේ වෙතත් ඇතම් ශාක වල පුෂ්ප තුල පුරුෂ කොටස් පමණක්ද තවත් කොටසක ස්ත්‍රී පුෂ්ප කොටසද දක්නට ලැබේ.උදාහරණ ලෙස වට්ටක්කා මලේ ස්ත්‍රී පුෂ්පය හෙවත් ජායාංගී පුෂ්පයත් පුරුෂ කොටස් ඇතුලත් පූමාංගී පුෂ්පත් වෙනවෙනම දක්නට ලැබේ.තවත් ශාකවල ඣායාංගි පුෂ්ප එක් ශාකයකත් පූමාංගී පුෂ්ප තව ශාකයකත් වැඩේ.උදාහරණලෙස පැපොල් වෘක්ෂ වල මේආකාර විශේදනයක් දක්නට ලැබේ.

ශාක පුෂ්පයන්හි ව්‍යුහය මීලගට සලකා බලමු.

පුෂ්පයක ව්‍යුහය
An example of a "perfect flower", this Crateva religiosa flower has both stamens (outer ring) and a pistil (center).
  • මණිපත්‍රය මල් පෙති වලට පිටතින් ඇති කොළ පැහැති ආවරණය.
  • මුකූටය:මලේ පෙති වලට ඇතුල් පැත්තෙට වෙන්නට ඇති සිහින් සුමුදු දඩුවක ආකාරගත් අංගයකි.මෙහි අග පරාග තැන්පත්ව පවතී.මෙය මල් රේණු නමින්ද හදුන්වයි.මෙහි පාලජම්බුල කිරණවලට සංවේදී පෙදෙසක් පවතී.එමගින් මල් පැණි බීමට එන සංයුක්ත ඇස් ඇති සතුන්ට මල් පැණි ඇති පෙදෙට ගමන් කිරීමට පහසුවේ.(සංයුක්ත ඇස් ඇති සතුන්ට පාලජම්බුල කිරණ සංවේදීවේ).
  • පූමංගය මුකූටය අග ඇති පරාගධානියයි.මෙය තුල පරාග විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් නිපදවෙයි.මෙය මලක පුරුෂ කොටසට අයත් ප්‍රධාන උපාංගයයි.
  • ජායාංගය මෙය පුෂ්පයක ප්‍රධාන ස්ත්‍රී ලිංගික කොටසයි.මෙයට කලංකය ඩිම්බ බිම්බ කෝෂය අයත්වේ.ඇතැම් පුෂ්පවල එක් ඩිම්බකෝෂයක්ය හා එක් ඩිම්බයක් පමණක් පවතී.තවත් පුෂ්පවල ඩිම්බ කෝෂය තුල ඩිම්බ කිහිපයක් දක්නට ලැබේ. .

මලක ව්‍යුහය පොදුවේ ඉහත පරිද් දැක්වුවද එකිනෙකට අසමාන විවිධ වෙනස්කම් මල්තුල දක්නට ලැබේ.මෙම වෙනස්කම් සදහා පරිණාමීය සාධක ප්‍රෙව්ණිගත සාධක පාරිසරික සාධක ආදිය බලපායි.එකම පවුලකට අයත් විශේෂයක වුවද විවිධ වෙනස්කම් දක්නට ලැබේ.

බොහෝ පුෂ්පයන්හි ජායාංගි හා පූමාංගි කොටස් දෙකම එකම පුෂ්පයක දක්නට ලැබේ.මෙවැනි පුෂ්ප ද්වීලිංගික පුෂ්ප යනුවෙන් හදුන්වයි.ඇතම් පුෂ්පවල ජායාංගී කොටස හා පූමාංගී කොටස වෙන වෙනම පිහිටා ඇත.මෙවැනි පුෂ්ප එ්ක ලිංගික පුෂ්ප යනුවෙන් හදුන්වයි.පූමංගී කොටස පමණක් ඇති පුෂ්ප පූමංගී පුෂ්ප ලෙසත් ජායාංගී කොටස් පමණක් ඇති පුෂ්ප ජායාංගී පුෂ්ප ලෙසත් හදුන්වයි.මෙවැනි පුෂ්පයන්ට උදාහරණ ලෙස වට්ටක්කා කරවිල වැටකොළු ආදී පුෂ්ප දැක්විය හැකිය.බොහෝවිට මෙම ජායාංගී හා පූමාංගී පුෂ්ප එකම ශාකයක වර්ධනය වෙයි.එවැනි ලක්ෂණ සහිත ශාක ඒකගෘහී ශාක යනුවෙන් හදුන්වයි.එහෙත් තවත් ශාකයන්හි ජායංගී පුෂ්පය එක ශාකයකත් තවත් ශාකයක පූමංගී පුෂ්ප ලෙසත් වෙන වෙනම වර්ධනයවේ.මෙවන් ශාක ද්වීගෘහි ශාක යනුවෙන් හදුන්වයි.

ඇන්තූරියම් මල

මල් වල හැඩය ප්‍රමාණය විශාලත්වය අනුව එකිනෙකින් වෙනස්වේ.විවිධ පුෂ්පවල මණි පත්‍රෙය් හැඩය හා ප්‍රමාණය ද වෙනස්ය.ඇතැම් පුෂ්පවල මණියට අමතරව උප මණියක්ද දක්නට ලැබේ.විවිධ පුෂ්පවල දල ප්‍රමාණය එකිනෙකට වෙනස්ය.ඇතැම් පුෂ්ප වලට ඇත්තේ එක් දලයක් පමණි.උදාහරණලෙස ඇන්තූරියම් පුෂ්පය දැක්විය හැක.තවත් මල්වල දල දෙකක් තුනක් ආදී වශයෙන්ද දක්වට ලැබේ බහුලව දක්නට ලැබෙන්නේ දල හතරක් හෝ පහක් ඇති පුෂ්පයි.ඇතඅම් පුෂ්පවල දල හයක් අටක් හෝ විශාල දල ප්‍රමාණයක් ඇති පුෂ්පද දැකිය හැකිය.පූමංගය හෙවත් රේණුවල ස්වභාවය අනුවද මල් එකිනෙකට වෙනස්වේ.ඇතුම් පුෂ්පවල රේණු කිහිපයක් දක්නට ලැබේ.රේණුවේ දණ්ඩ හෙවත් සූත්‍රිකා විවිධ දිගින් යුක්තව දක්නට ලැබේ.ඇතැම් මල්වල සූත්‍රිකා කුඩාවට පිහිටා ඇති අතර තවත් මල්වල සූත්‍රිකා දික්ව පිහිටා ඇත.

සංවර්ධනය

Flowering transition

The transition to flowering is one of the major phase changes that a plant makes during its life cycle. The transition must take place at a time that is favorable for fertilization and the formation of seeds, hence ensuring maximal reproductive success. To meet these needs a plant is able to interpret important endogenous and environmental cues such as changes in levels of plant hormones and seasonable temperature and photoperiod changes.[1] Many perennial and most biennial plants require vernalization to flower. The molecular interpretation of these signals is through the transmission of a complex signal known as florigen, which involves a variety of genes, including CONSTANS, FLOWERING LOCUS C and FLOWERING LOCUS T. Florigen is produced in the leaves in reproductively favorable conditions and acts in buds and growing tips to induce a number of different physiological and morphological changes.[2] The first step is the transformation of the vegetative stem primordia into floral primordia. This occurs as biochemical changes take place to change cellular differentiation of leaf, bud and stem tissues into tissue that will grow into the reproductive organs. Growth of the central part of the stem tip stops or flattens out and the sides develop protuberances in a whorled or spiral fashion around the outside of the stem end. These protuberances develop into the sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Once this process begins, in most plants, it cannot be reversed and the stems develop flowers, even if the initial start of the flower formation event was dependent of some environmental cue.[3] Once the process begins, even if that cue is removed the stem will continue to develop a flower.

Organ Development

The ABC model of flower development.

The molecular control of floral organ identity determination is fairly well understood. In a simple model, three gene activities interact in a combinatorial manner to determine the developmental identities of the organ primordia within the floral meristem. These gene functions are called A, B and C-gene functions. In the first floral whorl only A-genes are expressed, leading to the formation of sepals. In the second whorl both A- and B-genes are expressed, leading to the formation of petals. In the third whorl, B and C genes interact to form stamens and in the center of the flower C-genes alone give rise to carpels. The model is based upon studies of homeotic mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana and snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus. For example, when there is a loss of B-gene function, mutant flowers are produced with sepals in the first whorl as usual, but also in the second whorl instead of the normal petal formation. In the third whorl the lack of B function but presence of C-function mimics the fourth whorl, leading to the formation of carpels also in the third whorl. See also The ABC Model of Flower Development.

Most genes central in this model belong to the MADS-box genes and are transcription factors that regulate the expression of the genes specific for each floral organ.

පරාගනය

Grains of pollen sticking to this bee will be transferred to the next flower it visits
Tip of a tulip stamen. Note the grains of pollen

The primary purpose of a flower is reproduction. Since the flowers are the reproductive organs of plant, they mediate the joining of the sperm, contained within pollen, to the ovules - contained in the ovary. Pollination is the movement of pollen from the anthers to the stigma. The joining of the sperm to the ovules is called fertilization. Normally pollen is moved from one plant to another, but many plants are able to self pollinate. The fertilized ovules produce seeds that are the next generation. Sexual reproduction produces genetically unique offspring, allowing for adaptation. Flowers have specific designs which encourages the transfer of pollen from one plant to another of the same species. Many plants are dependent upon external factors for pollination, including: wind and animals, and especially insects. Even large animals such as birds, bats, and pygmy possums can be employed. The period of time during which this process can take place (the flower is fully expanded and functional) is called anthesis.

Attraction methods

A Bee orchid has evolved over many generations to better mimic a female bee to attract male bees as pollinators.

Plants can not move from one location to another, thus many flowers have evolved to attract animals to transfer pollen between individuals in dispersed populations. Flowers that are insect-pollinated are called entomophilous; literally "insect-loving" in Latin. They can be highly modified along with the pollinating insects by co-evolution. Flowers commonly have glands called nectaries on various parts that attract animals looking for nutritious nectar. Birds and bees have color vision, enabling them to seek out "colorful" flowers. Some flowers have patterns, called nectar guides, that show pollinators where to look for nectar; they may be visible only under ultraviolet light, which is visible to bees and some other insects. Flowers also attract pollinators by scent and some of those scents are pleasant to our sense of smell. Not all flower scents are appealing to humans, a number of flowers are pollinated by insects that are attracted to rotten flesh and have flowers that smell like dead animals, often called Carrion flowers including Rafflesia, the titan arum, and the North American pawpaw (Asimina triloba). Flowers pollinated by night visitors, including bats and moths, are likely to concentrate on scent to attract pollinators and most such flowers are white.

Still other flowers use mimicry to attract pollinators. Some species of orchids, for example, produce flowers resembling female bees in color, shape, and scent. Male bees move from one such flower to another in search of a mate.

පරාගන යාන්ත්‍රණය

The pollination mechanism employed by a plant depends on what method of pollination is utilized.

Most flowers can be divided between two broad groups of pollination methods:

Entomophilous: flowers attract and use insects, bats, birds or other animals to transfer pollen from one flower to the next. Often they are specialized in shape and have an arrangement of the stamens that ensures that pollen grains are transferred to the bodies of the pollinator when it lands in search of its attractant (such as nectar, pollen, or a mate). In pursuing this attractant from many flowers of the same species, the pollinator transfers pollen to the stigmas—arranged with equally pointed precision—of all of the flowers it visits. Many flowers rely on simple proximity between flower parts to ensure pollination. Others, such as the Sarracenia or lady-slipper orchids, have elaborate designs to ensure pollination while preventing self-pollination.

Anthers detached from a Meadow Foxtail flower.
A grass flower head (Meadow Foxtail) showing the plain coloured flowers with large anthers.

Anemophilous: flowers use the wind to move pollen from one flower to the next, examples include the grasses, Birch trees, Ragweed and Maples. They have no need to attract pollinators and therefore tend not to be "showy" flowers. Whereas the pollen of entomophilous flowers tends to be large-grained, sticky, and rich in protein (another "reward" for pollinators), anemophilous flower pollen is usually small-grained, very light, and of little nutritional value to insects, though it may still be gathered in times of dearth. Honeybees and bumblebees actively gather anemophilous corn (maize) pollen, though it is of little value to them.

Some flowers are self pollinated and use flowers that never open or are self pollinated before the flowers open, these flowers are called cleistogamous. Many Viola species and some Salvia have these types of flowers.

Flower-pollinator relationships

Many flowers have close relationships with one or a few specific pollinating organisms. Many flowers, for example, attract only one specific species of insect, and therefore rely on that insect for successful reproduction. This close relationship is often given as an example of coevolution, as the flower and pollinator are thought to have developed together over a long period of time to match each other's needs.

This close relationship compounds the negative effects of extinction. The extinction of either member in such a relationship would mean almost certain extinction of the other member as well. Some endangered plant species are so because of shrinking pollinator populations.

Fertilization and dispersal

Cassia Fistula. A hermaphrodite flower showing both male and female parts.

Some flowers with both stamens and a pistil are capable of self-fertilization, which does increase the chance of producing seeds but limits genetic variation. The extreme case of self-fertilization occurs in flowers that always self-fertilize, such as many dandelions. Conversely, many species of plants have ways of preventing self-fertilization. Unisexual male and female flowers on the same plant may not appear or mature at the same time, or pollen from the same plant may be incapable of fertilizing its ovules. The latter flower types, which have chemical barriers to their own pollen, are referred to as self-sterile or self-incompatible (see also: Plant sexuality).

පරිනාමය

Archaefructus liaoningensis, one of the earliest known flowering plants

While land plants have existed for about 425 million years, the first ones reproduced by a simple adaptation of their aquatic counterparts: spores. In the sea, plants—and some animals—can simply scatter out genetic clones of themselves to float away and grow elsewhere. This is how early plants reproduced. But plants soon evolved methods of protecting these copies to deal with drying out and other abuse which is even more likely on land than in the sea. The protection became the seed, though it had not yet evolved the flower. Early seed-bearing plants include the ginkgo and conifers. The earliest fossil of a flowering plant, Archaefructus liaoningensis, is dated about 125 million years old.[4] Several groups of extinct gymnosperms, particularly seed ferns, have been proposed as the ancestors of flowering plants but there is no continuous fossil evidence showing exactly how flowers evolved. The apparently sudden appearance of relatively modern flowers in the fossil record posed such a problem for the theory of evolution that it was called an "abominable mystery" by Charles Darwin. Recently discovered angiosperm fossils such as Archaefructus, along with further discoveries of fossil gymnosperms, suggest how angiosperm characteristics may have been acquired in a series of steps.

Recent DNA analysis (molecular systematics)[5][6] show that Amborella trichopoda, found on the Pacific island of New Caledonia, is the sister group to the rest of the flowering plants, and morphological studies[7] suggest that it has features which may have been characteristic of the earliest flowering plants.

ගොනුව:Amborella buds.jpg
Amborella buds

The general assumption is that the function of flowers, from the start, was to involve other animals in the reproduction process. Pollen can be scattered without bright colors and obvious shapes, which would therefore be a liability, using the plant's resources, unless they provide some other benefit. One proposed reason for the sudden, fully developed appearance of flowers is that they evolved in an isolated setting like an island, or chain of islands, where the plants bearing them were able to develop a highly specialized relationship with some specific animal (a wasp, for example), the way many island species develop today. This symbiotic relationship, with a hypothetical wasp bearing pollen from one plant to another much the way fig wasps do today, could have eventually resulted in both the plant(s) and their partners developing a high degree of specialization. Island genetics is believed to be a common source of speciation, especially when it comes to radical adaptations which seem to have required inferior transitional forms. Note that the wasp example is not incidental; bees, apparently evolved specifically for symbiotic plant relationships, are descended from wasps.

Likewise, most fruit used in plant reproduction comes from the enlargement of parts of the flower. This fruit is frequently a tool which depends upon animals wishing to eat it, and thus scattering the seeds it contains.

While many such symbiotic relationships remain too fragile to survive competition with mainland animals and spread, flowers proved to be an unusually effective means of production, spreading (whatever their actual origin) to become the dominant form of land plant life.

Lomatium parryi, a plant that used to be consumed by early Native Americans

While there is only hard proof of such flowers existing about 130 million years ago, there is some circumstantial evidence that they did exist up to 250 million years ago. A chemical used by plants to defend their flowers, oleanane, has been detected in fossil plants that old, including gigantopterids[8], which evolved at that time and bear many of the traits of modern, flowering plants, though they are not known to be flowering plants themselves, because only their stems and prickles have been found preserved in detail; one of the earliest examples of petrification.

The similarity in leaf and stem structure can be very important, because flowers are genetically just an adaptation of normal leaf and stem components on plants, a combination of genes normally responsible for forming new shoots.[9] The most primitive flowers are thought to have had a variable number of flower parts, often separate from (but in contact with) each other. The flowers would have tended to grow in a spiral pattern, to be bisexual (in plants, this means both male and female parts on the same flower), and to be dominated by the ovary (female part). As flowers grew more advanced, some variations developed parts fused together, with a much more specific number and design, and with either specific sexes per flower or plant, or at least "ovary inferior".

Flower evolution continues to the present day; modern flowers have been so profoundly influenced by humans that many of them cannot be pollinated in nature. Many modern, domesticated flowers used to be simple weeds, which only sprouted when the ground was disturbed. Some of them tended to grow with human crops, and the prettiest did not get plucked because of their beauty, developing a dependence upon and special adaptation to human affection.[10]

ලක්ෂණ

Lilies are often used to denote life or resurrection
Flowers are common subjects of still life paintings, such as this one by Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder
Chinese Jade ornament with flower design, Jin Dynasty (1115-1234 AD), Shanghai Museum.

Many flowers have important symbolic meanings in Western culture. The practice of assigning meanings to flowers is known as floriography. Some of the more common examples include:

  • Red roses are given as a symbol of love, beauty, and passion.
  • Poppies are a symbol of consolation in time of death. In the UK, New Zealand, Australia and Canada, red poppies are worn to commemorate soldiers who have died in times of war.
  • Irises/Lily are used in burials as a symbol referring to "resurrection/life". It is also associated with stars (sun) and its petals blooming/shining.
  • Daisies are a symbol of innocence.

Flowers within art are also representative of the female genitalia, as seen in the works of artists such as Georgia O'Keeffe, Imogen Cunningham, Veronica Ruiz de Velasco, and Judy Chicago, and in fact in Asian and western classical art. Many cultures around the world have a marked tendency to associate flowers with femininity.

The great variety of delicate and beautiful flowers has inspired the works of numerous poets, especially from the 18th-19th century Romantic era. Famous examples include William Wordsworth's I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud and William Blake's Ah! Sun-Flower.

Because of their varied and colorful appearance, flowers have long been a favorite subject of visual artists as well. Some of the most celebrated paintings from well-known painters are of flowers, such as Van Gogh's sunflowers series or Monet's water lilies. Flowers are also dried, freeze dried and pressed in order to create permanent, three-dimensional pieces of flower art.

The Roman goddess of flowers, gardens, and the season of Spring is Flora. The Greek goddess of spring, flowers and nature is Chloris.

In Hindu mythology, flowers have a significant status. Vishnu, one of the three major gods in the Hindu system, is often depicted standing straight on a lotus flower.[11] Apart from the association with Vishnu, the Hindu tradition also considers the lotus to have spiritual significance.[12] For example, it figures in the Hindu stories of creation.[13]

භාවිතයන්

Flower market, Detroit's Eastern Market.
Female hand spreading flowers over a Lingam temple in Varanasi

In modern times, people have sought ways to cultivate, buy, wear, or otherwise be around flowers and blooming plants, partly because of their agreeable appearance and smell. Around the world, people use flowers for a wide range of events and functions that, cumulatively, encompass one's lifetime:

  • For new births or Christenings
  • As a corsage or boutonniere to be worn at social functions or for holidays
  • As tokens of love or esteem
  • For wedding flowers for the bridal party, and decorations for the hall
  • As brightening decorations within the home
  • As a gift of remembrance for bon voyage parties, welcome home parties, and "thinking of you" gifts
  • For funeral flowers and expressions of sympathy for the grieving
  • For worshiping goddesses. in Hindu culture it is very common to bring flowers as a gift to temples.

People therefore grow flowers around their homes, dedicate entire parts of their living space to flower gardens, pick wildflowers, or buy flowers from florists who depend on an entire network of commercial growers and shippers to support their trade.

Flowers provide less food than other major plants parts (seeds, fruits, roots, stems and leaves) but they provide several important foods and spices. Flower vegetables include broccoli, cauliflower and artichoke. The most expensive spice, saffron, consists of dried stigmas of a crocus. Other flower spices are cloves and capers. Hops flowers are used to flavor beer. Marigold flowers are fed to chickens to give their egg yolks a golden yellow color, which consumers find more desirable. Dandelion flowers are often made into wine. Bee Pollen, pollen collected from bees, is considered a health food by some people. Honey consists of bee-processed flower nectar and is often named for the type of flower, e.g. orange blossom honey, clover honey and tupelo honey.

Hundreds of fresh flowers are edible but few are widely marketed as food. They are often used to add color and flavor to salads. Squash flowers are dipped in breadcrumbs and fried. Edible flowers include nasturtium, chrysanthemum, carnation, cattail, honeysuckle, chicory, cornflower, Canna, and sunflower. Some edible flowers are sometimes candied such as daisy and rose (you may also come across a candied pansy).

Flowers can also be made into herbal teas. Dried flowers such as chrysanthemum, rose, jasmine, camomile are infused into tea both for their fragrance and medical properties. Sometimes, they are also mixed with tea leaves for the added fragrance.

ගොනුව:Crocus, Yellow.jpg
Crocus angustifolius

මේවාත් බලන්න

යොමුව

  1. Ausín, I.; et al. (2005). "Environmental regulation of flowering". Int J Dev Biol. 49: 689–705. doi:10.1387/ijdb.052022ia. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  2. Turck, F., Fornara, F., Coupland, G. (2008). "Regulation and Identity of Florigen: FLOWERING LOCUS T Moves Centre Stage". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59: 573–594. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092755.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. Searle, I.; et al. (2006). "The transcription factor FLC confers a flowering response to vernalization by repressing meristem competence and systemic signaling in Arabidopsis". Genes & Dev. 20: 898–912. doi:10.1101/gad.373506. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  4. Flowers Modern & Ancient
  5. First Flower
  6. Amborella not a "basal angiosperm"? Not so fast
  7. South Pacific plant may be missing link in evolution of flowering plants
  8. Oily Fossils Provide Clues To The Evolution Of Flowers
  9. Age-Old Question On Evolution Of Flowers Answered
  10. Human Affection Altered Evolution of Flowers
  11. Vishnu
  12. Hinduism Today: God's Favorite Flower
  13. The Lotus
  • Eames, A. J. (1961) Morphology of the Angiosperms McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
  • Esau, Katherine (1965) Plant Anatomy (2nd ed.) John Wiley & Sons, New York.

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